| 19235606 |
Kawakami K, Makino I, Kato I, Uchida K, Onoue M: p-Cresol inhibits IL-12 production by murine macrophages stimulated with bacterial immunostimulant. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2009 Feb 23:1-6.
p-Cresol, an end product of aromatic amino acids, is produced from food proteins by intestinal bacteria, and is detectable in blood and feces. Especially, blood and fecal levels of p-cresol are high in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. Although it has been suggested that p-cresol is toxic in the body, the effect of p-cresol on immune responses has not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effect of p-cresol on IL-12 production of macrophages stimulated with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) in vitro. Pre-incubation with p-cresol inhibited IL-12 p40 production of LcS-stimulated J774.1 cells, a murine macrophage-like cell line, in a dose-dependent manner. IL-12 p40 and p70 production of LcS-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages was also inhibited by p-cresol. The inhibitory effect was not dependent on the cytotoxicity of p-cresol. These results indicate that blood and fecal p-cresol may have adverse effects on the host defense system in CRF patients. |
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