Protein Information

Name prothrombin
Synonyms Coagulation factor II; Coagulation factor II variant; F2; F2 protein; F2 protein precursor; Factor II; PT; Prothrombin…

Compound Information

Name brodifacoum
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
1719294 Winn MJ, Ku DD, Nelson JM: Inhibition of thrombin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation after coronary ischemia in the dog: possible role of the coagulation cascade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1991 Jul;18(1):68-76.

In contrast, brodifacoum markedly reduced thrombin-induced relaxation after ischemia (Emax of 3.3 +/- 3.3%; p less than 0.05) yet significantly preserved the relaxant response to thrombin after ischemia and reperfusion (Emax of 36.6 +/- 4.3%).
116(1,2,2,6) Details
9042364 Craciun AM, Groenen-van Dooren MM, Vermeer C: Nutritional vitamin K-intake and urinary gamma-carboxyglutamate excretion in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Feb 11;1334(1):44-50.

During vitamin K-deficiency the remaining low levels of vitamin K would mainly give rise to undercarboxylated prothrombin, whereas during brodifacoum treatment only non-carboxylated prothrombin is formed.
88(1,1,2,3) Details
9545541 Craciun AM, Groenen-van Dooren MM, Thijssen HH, Vermeer C: Induction of prothrombin synthesis by K-vitamins compared in vitamin K-deficient and in brodifacoum-treated rats. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Mar 12;1380(1):75-81.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
8447555 Babcock J, Hartman K, Pedersen A, Murphy M, Alving B: Rodenticide-induced coagulopathy in a young child. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993 Feb;15(1):126-30.

RESULTS: A 24 month-old child developed bruises and a prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) after receiving multiple doses of brodifacoum, a superwarfarin rodenticide.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
8250654 Hollinger BR, Pastoor TP: Case management and plasma half-life in a case of brodifacoum poisoning. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Aug 23;153(16):1925-8.

For the first time, we compare plasma brodifacoum concentration to prothrombin levels over time in a case of brodifacoum poisoning.
12(0,0,2,2) Details
6487353 Hart JA, Haynes BP, Park BK: A study of factors which determine the pharmacological response to vitamin K in coumarin anticoagulated rabbits. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984 Oct 1;33(19):3013-9.

The pharmacological response to vitamin K has been determined by measuring prothrombin complex activity (P.C.A.) in male New Zealand White rabbits anticoagulated (P.C.A. less than 20%) with the long acting 4-hydroxycoumarin brodifacoum, at a dose (10 mg/kg) which produces maximum antagonism of vitamin K1.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
2084961 Winn MJ, Ku DD: Investigation of the interrelationship between coagulation and thrombin-induced EDRF-dependent relaxation in dog coronary artery. Thromb Res. 1990 Dec 1;60(5):405-14.

To determine whether relaxation was dependent on coagulation complexes associated with endothelial cell membranes, the coumarin, brodifacoum was given three days before in vitro experiments were carried out in order to inhibit production of active vitamin K1-dependent clotting factors.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
9258313 Stanziale SF, Christopher JC, Fisher RB: Brodifacoum rodenticide ingestion in a patient with shigellosis. . South Med J. 1997 Aug;90(8):833-5.

On routine evaluation, a severe prothrombin coagulopathy was discovered and later determined to be caused by brodifacoum, a "superwarfarin" drug found in potent rodenticides.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
3964529 Park BK, Choonara IA, Haynes BP, Breckenridge AM, Malia RG, Preston FE: Abnormal vitamin K metabolism in the presence of normal clotting factor activity in factory workers exposed to 4-hydroxycoumarins. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Mar;21(3):289-93.

The case histories of two patients exposed to the novel anticoagulants brodifacoum and difenacoum are reported.
There was a marked prolongation of prothrombin time (greater than 50 s) in both cases, at the time of exposure.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
1884280 Boermans HJ, Johnstone I, Black WD, Murphy M: Clinical signs, laboratory changes and toxicokinetics of brodifacoum in the horse. Can J Vet Res. 1991 Jan;55(1):21-7.

Increases in clotting times were observed at 24 h in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) followed by the thrombotest (TBT) and one-stage prothrombin time (PT) at 48 h.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
1548622 Woody BJ, Murphy MJ, Ray AC, Green RA: Coagulopathic effects and therapy of brodifacoum toxicosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 1992 Jan-Feb;6(1):23-8.

Monitored laboratory parameters included: one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), activated coagulation time (ACT), complete blood counts, thrombocyte counts, and serum chemistry values.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8066968 Sheen SR, Spiller HA, Grossman D: Symptomatic brodifacoum ingestion requiring high-dose phytonadione therapy. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Jun;36(3):216-7.

He presented with prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times of 150 and 113 sec, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14524650 Tsutaoka BT, Miller M, Fung SM, Patel MM, Olson KR: Superwarfarin and glass ingestion with prolonged coagulopathy requiring high-dose vitamin K1 therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Sep;23(9):1186-9.

A 23-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after eating four boxes of brodifacoum-containing rodenticide over a 4-day interval and pieces from approximately two bottles of glass over the previous 2 weeks.
He was asymptomatic but his prothrombin time was markedly elevated with an international normalized ratio (INR) of 37.8.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9477532 Robben JH, Kuijpers EA, Mout HC: Plasma superwarfarin levels and vitamin K1 treatment in dogs with anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning. Vet Q. 1998 Jan;20(1):24-7.

The dose of vitamin K1 was reduced in a stepwise manner as long as the prothrombin time remained within physiological limits.
Brodifacoum, difethialone, and difenacoum were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the plasma of 13, 3, and 2 dogs, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
3978316 Breckenridge AM, Cholerton S, Hart JA, Park BK, Scott AK: A study of the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum in the rabbit. Br J Pharmacol. 1985 Jan;84(1):81-91.

The pharmacological response to the anticoagulants was measured as changes in prothrombin complex activity, from which the rate of clotting factor synthesis was determined.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8501581 Travis SF, Warfield W, Greenbaum BH, Molokisher M, Siegel JE: Spontaneous hemorrhage associated with accidental brodifacoum poisoning in a child. J Pediatr. 1993 Jun;122(6):982-4.

The prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were markedly prolonged with a decrease in the vitamin K-dependent factors.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18478986 Kapadia P, Bona R: Acquired deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors due to brodifacoum ingestion. Conn Med. 2008 Apr;72(4):207-9.

The patient was found to have a markedly prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time that corrected with mixing of normal plasma.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17415322 Nelson AT, Hartzell JD, More K, Durning SJ: Ingestion of superwarfarin leading to coagulopathy: a case report and review of the literature. MedGenMed. 2006 Nov 28;8(4):41.

A brodifacoum level was positive, confirming superwarfarin-induced coagulopathy.
Laboratory studies revealed an elevated prothrombin time (PT) (42.5 seconds), partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (64.6 seconds), and international normalized ratio (INR) of 7.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7181945 Park BK, Leck JB: A comparison of vitamin K antagonism by warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum in the rabbit. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Nov 15;31(22):3635-9.

The pharmacological response to vitamin K1 (Konakion) in anticoagulated (prothrombin complex activity less than 30%) New Zealand white rabbits was determined by measuring prothrombin complex activity (P.C.A.) in peripheral plasma.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16717370 Dolin EK, Baker DL, Buck SC: A 44-year-old woman with hematemesis and cutaneous hemorrhages as a result of superwarfarin poisoning. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006 May;106(5):280-4.

Coagulation factor analyses demonstrated both prolonged prothrombin time (PT, > 40 s) and prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT, > 120 s).
Measurement of the serum level of brodifacoum (37 ng/mL), one of the superwarfarin agents commonly used in rodenticides, confirmed poisoning as the cause of the patient's symptoms.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10653073 Berry RG, Morrison JA, Watts JW, Anagnost JW, Gonzalez JJ: Surreptitious superwarfarin ingestion with brodifacoum. . South Med J. 2000 Jan;93(1):74-5.

Physicians must have a high index of suspicion when patients have unexplained prolongation of the prothrombin time and bleeding in the absence of detectable warfarin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17503253 Olmos V, Lopez CM: Brodifacoum poisoning with toxicokinetic data. Clin Toxicol. 2007 Jun-Aug;45(5):487-9.

Initial prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were both greater than 110 seconds and the patient suffered severe gastric and pulmonary hemorrhage requiring fresh frozen plasma transfusion and parenteral phytonadione administration (up to 100 mg per day).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16499407 Watt BE, Proudfoot AT, Bradberry SM, Vale JA: Anticoagulant rodenticides. Toxicol Rev. 2005;24(4):259-69.


This group includes the second generation 4-hydroxycoumarins brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen and the indanedione derivatives chlorophacinone and diphacinone.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
6704138 Wilson AC, Park BK: The effect of phenobarbitone pre-treatment on vitamin K1 disposition in the rat and rabbit. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984 Jan 1;33(1):141-6.


However, phenobarbitone pretreatment did not alter the pharmacodynamic response to vitamin K1 measured as the increase in prothrombin complex activity, in brodifacoum-anticoagulated rabbits.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
6657737 Bachmann KA, Sullivan TJ: Dispositional and pharmacodynamic characteristics of brodifacoum in warfarin-sensitive rats. Pharmacology. 1983;27(5):281-8.

0(0,0,0,0) Details