| Name | cholinesterase |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Acylcholine acylhydrolase; BCHE; BCHE protein; Butyrylcholine esterase; Butyrylcholinesterase; CHE1; Choline esterase II; Cholinesterase… |
| Name | chlorpyrifos |
|---|---|
| CAS |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17589599 | Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Fumagalli F: Exposure to organophosphates reduces the expression of neurotrophic factors in neonatal rat brain regions: similarities and differences in the effects of chlorpyrifos and diazinon on the fibroblast growth factor superfamily. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jun;115(6):909-16. Epub 2007 Feb 27. OBJECTIVES: We administered two organophosphate pesticides, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, to neonatal rats on postnatal days 1-4, using doses below the threshold for systemic toxicity or growth impairment, and spanning the threshold for barely detectable cholinesterase inhibition: 1 mg/kg/day chlorpyrifos and 1 or 2 mg/kg/day diazinon. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 9693782 | Dam K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: delayed targeting of DNA synthesis after repeated administration. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1998 Jun 15;108(1-2):39-45. Despite the fact that they recover more rapidly from cholinesterase inhibition than do adults, developing animals are more sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity caused by chlorpyrifos exposure. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 10341740 | Griffin P, Mason H, Heywood K, Cocker J: Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. Occup Environ Med. 1999 Jan;56(1):10-3. OBJECTIVES: To determine the kinetics of elimination of urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites after oral and dermally applied doses of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos to human volunteers and to determine whether these doses affected plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity. |
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| 16753212 | Chandrasekara LW, Pathiratne A: Body size-related differences in the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007 May;67(1):109-19. Epub 2006 Jun 6. Influence of body size on inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus by chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan was investigated concerning its potential use in the biomonitoring of anticholinesterase pesticides in tropical water bodies. |
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| 15474619 | Poet TS, Kousba AA, Dennison SL, Timchalk C: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for the organophosphorus pesticide diazinon. Neurotoxicology. 2004 Dec;25(6):1013-30. This model further confirms the usefulness of the model structure previously validated for chlorpyrifos and shows the potential utility of the model framework for other related organophosphate pesticides. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model was developed to quantitatively assess the kinetics of DZN and its metabolites in blood and the inhibition of cholinesterases in plasma, RBC, brain, and diaphragm. |
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| 10214458 | Lakew K, Mekonnen Y: The health status of northern Omo State Farm workers exposed to chlorpyrifos and profenofos. Ethiop Med J. 1998 Jul;36(3):175-84. The health effects of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides on cholinesterase (ChE) activities were assessed among 81 pest control workers from Northern Omo State Farm (Ethiopia), following the occupational use of Chlorpyrifos 25 and 48% ULV and Profenifos 250 EC/ULV. |
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| 9299188 | Chanda SM, Mortensen SR, Moser VC, Padilla S: Tissue-specific effects of chlorpyrifos on carboxylesterase and cholinesterase activity in adult rats: an in vitro and in vivo comparison. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997 Aug;38(2):148-57. |
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| 9732468 | Gruber SJ, Munn MD: Organophosphate and insecticides in agricultural waters and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998 Oct;35(3):391-6. The depressed ChE activity in brain tissue of Royal Lake carp was in response to ChE-inhibiting insecticides detected in water samples in the weeks prior to tissue sampling; the most frequently detected insecticides included chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, and ethoprop. |
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| 17452286 | Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ: Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates in vivo: transcriptional responses of pathways for brain cell development, cell signaling, cytotoxicity and neurotransmitter systems. Brain Res Bull. 2007 May 30;72(4-6):232-74. Epub 2007 Jan 25. Organophosphates affect mammalian brain development through a variety of mechanisms beyond their shared property of cholinesterase inhibition. We used microarrays to characterize similarities and differences in transcriptional responses to chlorpyrifos and diazinon, assessing defined gene groupings for the pathways known to be associated with the mechanisms and/or outcomes of chlorpyrifos-induced developmental neurotoxicity. |
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| 18584359 | Samarawickrema N, Pathmeswaran A, Wickremasinghe R, Peiris-John R, Karunaratna M, Buckley N, Dawson A, de Silva J: Fetal effects of environmental exposure of pregnant women to organophosphorus compounds in a rural farming community in Sri Lanka. Clin Toxicol. 2008 Jul;46(6):489-95. METHODS: Toxicity was assessed by measuring (i) OPC levels in breast milk and plasma from maternal and cord blood using gas chromatography, (ii) maternal and fetal butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity using inhibition assays, (iii) antioxidant status of the fetus using superoxide dismutase activity assays, (iv) oxidative stress in the fetus by determining malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and (v) examining for fetal DNA fragmentation using electrophoresis. RESULTS: Organophosphate residues were detected in only two subjects (chlorpyrifos in maternal and cord blood of one during the spray season and dimethoate in breast milk of another during the in between spray season), but the test employed was capable of only detecting concentrations above 0.05 mg/l. |
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| 20027669 | Musilek K, Dolezal M, Gunn-Moore F, Kuca K: Design, evaluation and structure-Activity relationship studies of the AChE reactivators against organophosphorus pesticides. Med Res Rev. 2009 Dec 21. Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs; e.g. chlorpyrifos, diazinon, paraoxon) are a wide and heterogeneous group of organophosphorus compounds. Their biological activity of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ranks them as life endangering agents. |
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| 11557094 | Raines KW, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Alterations in serotonin transporter expression in brain regions of rats exposed neonatally to chlorpyrifos. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2001 Sep 23;130(1):65-72. In females, the damage may be temporarily offset by initial trophic effects in the terminal region, consequent to the cholinergic stimulation evoked by cholinesterase inhibition via the active metabolite, CPF oxon. |
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| 11350194 | van Gemert M, Dourson M, Moretto A, Watson M: Use of human data for the derivation of a reference dose for chlorpyrifos. . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;33(2):110-6. Moreover, Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) considerations need to be addressed, and the appropriate cholinesterase endpoint, whether plasma, red blood cell, peripheral nerve, or brain, has become highly debated. |
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| 17548533 | Terry AV Jr, Gearhart DA, Beck WD Jr, Truan JN, Middlemore ML, Williamson LN, Bartlett MG, Prendergast MA, Sickles DW, Buccafusco JJ: Chronic, intermittent exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats: protracted effects on axonal transport, neurotrophin receptors, cholinergic markers, and information processing. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Sep;322(3):1117-28. Epub 2007 Jun 4. After washout, levels of CPF and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol were minimal in plasma and brain; however, cholinesterase inhibition was still detectable. |
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| 7532610 | Cochran RC, Kishiyama J, Aldous C, Carr WC Jr, Pfeifer KF: Chlorpyrifos: hazard assessment based on a review of the effects of short-term and long-term exposure in animals and humans. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995 Feb;33(2):165-72. MOSs for potential chronic dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos residues were based on a NOEL for inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity in rats and dogs, and ranged from 2198 to 8065 for all population subgroups. |
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| 11548114 | Sanchez-Amate MC, Flores P, Sanchez-Santed F: Effects of chlorpyrifos in the plus-maze model of anxiety. Behav Pharmacol. 2001 Jul;12(4):285-92. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of two different doses of the organophosphate insecticide O,O'-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridylphosphorothionate [chlorpyrifos (CPF)], a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, in the plus-maze test of anxiety in the rat, as well as on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain. |
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| 14644659 | Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA: Developmental neurotoxicity elicited by gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: when is adenylyl cyclase a target?. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Dec;111(16):1871-6. The developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF) involves mechanisms over and above cholinesterase inhibition. |
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| 9265078 | Mortensen SR, Chanda SM, Hooper MJ, Padilla S: Maturational differences in chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity may contribute to age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos. J Biochem Toxicol. 1996;11(6):279-87. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a commonly used cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide, is lethal at much lower doses to young animals than adults. |
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| 16402316 | Chandrasekera LK, Pathiratne A: Response of brain and liver cholinesterases of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to single and multiple exposures of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005 Dec;75(6):1228-33. |
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| 12558155 | Wu J, Laird DA: Abiotic transformation of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos oxon in chlorinated water. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Feb;22(2):261-4. Chlorpyrifos oxon is a potent anticholinesterase that is about 1,000 times more toxic than chlorpyrifos. |
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| 17196233 | Hancock S, Ehrich M, Hinckley J, Pung T, Jortner BS: The effect of stress on the acute neurotoxicity of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;219(2-3):136-41. Epub 2006 Nov 16. A study was conducted to determine if multiple exposures to several stress paradigms might affect the anticholinesterase effect of subsequently administered organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos. |
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| 20298678 | Adigun AA, Ryde IT, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Organophosphate Exposure During a Critical Developmental Stage Reprograms Adenylyl Cyclase Signaling in PC12 Cells. Brain Res. 2010 Mar 15. Early-life organophosphate (OP) exposures elicit neurobehavioral deficits through mechanisms other than inhibiting cholinesterase. We exposed PC12 cells to chlorpyrifos, diazinon or parathion in the undifferentiated state and during neurodifferentiation; we then assessed the function of the adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling cascade, measuring basal AC activity as well as responses to stimulants acting at G-proteins or on the AC molecule itself. |
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| 15800032 | Moser VC, Casey M, Hamm A, Carter WH Jr, Simmons JE, Gennings C: Neurotoxicological and statistical analyses of a mixture of five organophosphorus pesticides using a ray design. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Jul;86(1):101-15. Epub 2005 Mar 30. In this study, we tested for interaction (s) in a mixture of five organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, acephate, and malathion). A series of behavioral measures were evaluated in adult male Long-Evans rats at the time of peak effect following a single oral dose, and then tissues were collected for measurement of cholinesterase (ChE) activity. |
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| 12972073 | Karanth S, Pope C: Age-related effects of chlorpyrifos and parathion on acetylcholine synthesis in rat striatum. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003 Sep-Oct;25(5):599-606. Following high (maximum tolerated dosage) subcutaneous exposure to either insecticide, relatively similar degrees of cholinesterase inhibition were noted, but the time to peak reduction varied among the age groups. |
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| 20221871 | Kim JH, Stevens RC, Maccoss MJ, Goodlett DR, Scherl A, Richter RJ, Suzuki SM, Furlong CE: Identification and characterization of biomarkers of organophosphorus exposures in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;660:61-71. Current methods to monitor environmental and occupational exposures to OPs such as chlorpyrifos (CPS) have limitations, including low specificity and sensitivity, and short time windows for detection. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition has been a standard for monitoring OP exposure. |
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| 16112327 | Furlong CE, Cole TB, Jarvik GP, Pettan-Brewer C, Geiss GK, Richter RJ, Shih DM, Tward AD, Lusis AJ, Costa LG: Role of paraoxonase (PON1) status in pesticide sensitivity: genetic and temporal determinants. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Aug;26(4):651-9. PON1 knockout (PON1 (-/-)) and wild-type mice were exposed chronically (PN4 to PN21) to low levels of chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO). Endpoints included cholinesterase activity, histopathology, gene expression, and behavior. |
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| 15525694 | Peeples ES, Schopfer LM, Duysen EG, Spaulding R, Voelker T, Thompson CM, Lockridge O: Albumin, a new biomarker of organophosphorus toxicant exposure, identified by mass spectrometry. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Feb;83(2):303-12. Epub 2004 Nov 3. The classical laboratory tests for exposure to organophosphorus toxicants (OP) are inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in blood. In vitro experiments with human plasma showed that chlorpyrifos oxon, echothiophate, malaoxon, paraoxon, methyl paraoxon, diazoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate, and dichlorvos competed with FP- for binding to human albumin. |
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| 17504771 | Timchalk C, Kousba AA, Poet TS: An age-dependent physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos in the preweanling rat. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Aug;98(2):348-65. Epub 2007 May 15. In this model, age was used as a dependent function to estimate body weight which was then used to allometrically scale both metabolism and tissue cholinesterase (ChE) levels. |
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| 8393745 | Furlong CE, Costa LG, Hassett C, Richter RJ, Sundstrom JA, Adler DA, Disteche CM, Omiecinski CJ, Chapline C, Crabb JW, et al.: Human and rabbit paraoxonases: purification, cloning, sequencing, mapping and role of polymorphism in organophosphate detoxification. Chem Biol Interact. 1993 Jun;87(1-3):35-48. Toxicity studies showed that raising rat plasma paraoxonase levels by i.v. administration of partially purified rabbit paraoxonase protected animals against cholinesterase inhibition by paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon. |
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| 18359502 | Ali D, Nagpure NS, Kumar S, Kumar R, Kushwaha B: Genotoxicity assessment of acute exposure of chlorpyrifos to freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Chemosphere. 2008 May;71(10):1823-31. Epub 2008 Mar 24. Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridylphosphorothioate) is one of the organophosphate pesticides widely used in agricultural practices throughout world and irreversible inhibitor of cholinesterase in all animal species. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 12109748 | Phillips TA, Wu J, Summerfelt RC, Atchison GJ: Acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in larval and early juvenile walleye exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002 Jul;21(7):1469-74. |
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| 18502319 | Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Fumagalli F: Targeting of neurotrophic factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res Bull. 2008 Jul 1;76(4):424-38. Epub 2008 Feb 1. We administered chlorpyrifos and diazinon to neonatal rats on postnatal days 1-4 at doses devoid of systemic toxicity or growth impairment, and spanning the threshold for barely-detectable cholinesterase inhibition. |
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| 9323231 | Vodela JK, Dalvi RR: Effect of chlorpyrifos on hepatic gamma-glutamyl transferase, serum cholinesterase and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1997 Nov;59(5):796-801. |
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| 18456295 | Jortner BS: Effect of stress at dosing on organophosphate and heavy metal toxicity. . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Nov 15;233(1):162-7. Epub 2008 Mar 18. These are the acute (anticholinesterase) toxicity seen following exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, and the nephrotoxicity elicited by the heavy metal depleted uranium, in rats. |
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| 14985514 | Albers JW, Garabrant DH, Schweitzer SJ, Garrison RP, Richardson RJ, Berent S: The effects of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos on the peripheral nervous system: a prospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 2004 Mar;61(3):201-11. RESULTS: Chlorpyrifos and referent groups differed significantly in measures of 3,5,6 trichloro-2-pyridinol excretion and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity, indicating substantially higher exposures among chlorpyrifos subjects. |
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| 15045467 | Abdel-Rahman A, Dechkovskaia AM, Mehta-Simmons H, Sutton JM, Guan X, Khan WA, Abou-Donia MB: Maternal exposure to and chlorpyrifos, alone and in combination, leads to persistently elevated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebellum of the offspring in late puberty. Arch Toxicol. 2004 Aug;78(8):467-76. Epub 2004 Mar 26. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in the female offspring from chlorpyrifos treated mothers showed a significant increase (approximately 183% of control). |
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| 17705652 | Rodriguez-Castellanos L, Sanchez-Hernandez JC: Chemical reactivation and aging kinetics of organophosphorus-inhibited cholinesterases from two earthworm species. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 Sep;26(9):1992-2000. Chemical reactivation kinetics followed an exponential rise to a maximum of 70 to 80% of normal enzyme activity when ChEs were inhibited with methyl paraoxon or dichlorvos and up to 60% for the chlorpyrifos-inhibited ChE of E. fetida. |
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| 9585096 | Mortensen SR, Hooper MJ, Padilla S: Rat brain acetylcholinesterase activity: developmental profile and maturational sensitivity to and organophosphorus inhibitors. Toxicology. 1998 Jan 16;125(1):13-9. A growing body of evidence indicates that young animals exhibit an increased susceptibility to the lethal effects of cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting insecticides. IC50s (the concentration of compound that inhibits 50% of the AChE activity in 30 min at 26 degrees C) defined concomitantly for postnatal day 4 and adult brain AChE using either aldicarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos-oxon or malaoxon were virtually identical at both ages with average IC50 values being: aldicarb = 2.4 microM, carbaryl = 1.7 microM, chlorpyrifos-oxon = 4.9 nM and malaoxon = 140 nM. |
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| 17194517 | Duysen EG, Li B, Darvesh S, Lockridge O: Sensitivity of butyrylcholinesterase knockout mice to (--)-huperzine A and suggests humans with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency may not tolerate these Alzheimer's disease drugs and indicates butyrylcholinesterase function in neurotransmission. Toxicology. 2007 Apr 20;233(1-3):60-9. Epub 2006 Dec 2. Butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8 BChE) is present in all human and mouse tissues, and is more abundant than acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7 AChE) in all tissues except brain. We tested this hypothesis by challenging BChE and AChE knockout mice, as well as wild-type mice, with the AChE specific inhibitors, (--)-huperzine A and and with serine hydrolase inhibitors, echothiophate and chlorpyrifos oxon. (--)-Huperzine A and caused mortality and significant toxicity in the BChE-/- animals. |
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| 10561082 | Quistad GB, Casida JE: Sensitivity of blood-clotting factors and digestive enzymes to inhibition by organophosphorus pesticides. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2000;14(1):51-6. Organophosphorus pesticide toxicology is normally evaluated in relation to inhibition of cholinesterases (acetyl and butyryl), neuropathy target esterase, and carboxylesterases, with less attention given to other physiologically important hydrolases. Inhibitors that we examined are organophosphorus insecticides or their activated metabolites (paraoxon, chlorpyrifos oxon, and profenofos) and other toxicants (phenyl saligenin cyclic phosphonate and tribufos) for comparison with values that are found in the literature for the fluorophosphonates (isoflurophate and sarin). |
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| 7535964 | Vodela JK, Dalvi RR: Comparative toxicological studies of chlorpyrifos in rats and chickens. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1995 Feb;37(1):1-3. A significantly higher inhibition of serum cholinesterase (82%) was noted in rats than in chickens (55%). |
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| 15371233 | Padilla S, Sung HJ, Moser VC: Further assessment of an in vitro screen that may help identify organophosphorus pesticides that are more acutely toxic to the young. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Sep 24;67(18):1477-89. Previous results using this in vitro screen correlated with the marked in vivo sensitivity of the young to chlorpyrifos and also correlated with the equal sensitivity of the young and adult to methamidophos (Padilla et al., 2000). From these results, we predicted that young animals would be more sensitive to diazinon, which, in fact, was the case: When postnatal day (PND) 17 or adult rats were given a dosage of 75 mg/kg diazinon, adult brain cholinesterase (ChE) was only inhibited 38%, while the brain ChE in the PND 17 animals showed much more inhibition (75%). |
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| 16510359 | Pung T, Klein B, Blodgett D, Jortner B, Ehrich M: Examination of concurrent exposure to repeated stress and chlorpyrifos on cholinergic, glutamatergic, and monoamine neurotransmitter systems in rat forebrain regions. Int J Toxicol. 2006 Jan-Feb;25(1):65-80. It was proposed that alterations in glutamatergic, cholinergic, and monoamine neurotransmitter systems after exposure to stress are initial CNS events contributing to this impairment and that exacerbation could occur with concurrent exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. |
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| 18495101 | Casida JE, Nomura DK, Vose SC, Fujioka K: Organophosphate-sensitive lipases modulate brain lysophospholipids, ether lipids and endocannabinoids. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 Sep 25;175(1-3):355-64. Epub 2008 May 20. It is also a detoxifying enzyme that hydrolyzes chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) and some other potent insecticide metabolites. Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are best known for their anticholinesterase properties but selectivity for lipases and other targets can also be achieved through structural optimization. |
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| 15550276 | Bonfanti P, Colombo A, Orsi F, Nizzetto I, Andrioletti M, Bacchetta R, Mantecca P, Fascio U, Vailati G, Vismara C: Comparative teratogenicity of chlorpyrifos and malathion on Xenopus laevis development. Aquat Toxicol. 2004 Dec 10;70(3):189-200. The teratogenic effects of these anti-cholinesterase compounds on Xenopus laevis myogenesis suggest a possible role played by OPs on induction of congenital muscular dystrophy. |
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| 12385721 | Tang J, Cao Y, Rose RL, Hodgson E: In vitro metabolism of carbaryl by human cytochrome P450 and its inhibition by chlorpyrifos. Chem Biol Interact. 2002 Oct 20;141(3):229-41. Carbaryl is a widely used anticholinesterase insecticide. |
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| 11274874 | Bushnell PJ, Moser VC, Samsam TE: Comparing cognitive and screening tests for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001 Jan-Feb;23(1):33-44. The present studies were conducted to compare the effects of the widely used cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide, chlorpyrifos (O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate, CPF), on a visual signal detection task (SDT) with its effects on a neurobehavioral test battery. |
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| 10048124 | Moser VC, Chanda SM, Mortensen SR, Padilla S: Age- and gender-related differences in sensitivity to chlorpyrifos in the rat reflect developmental profiles of esterase activities. Toxicol Sci. 1998 Dec;46(2):211-22. A direct comparison of chlorpyrifos effects in young (postnatal day 17; PND17), adolescent (PND27), and adult (70 days) Long-Evans rats was conducted to determine quantitative and possibly qualitative differences in sensitivity in terms of behavioral changes and cholinesterase (ChE; total cholinesterase activity) inhibition at these three ages. |
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| 16944040 | Wacksman MN, Maul JD, Lydy MJ: Impact of atrazine on chlorpyrifos toxicity in four aquatic vertebrates. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2006 Nov;51(4):681-9. Epub 2006 Aug 30. Inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity and chlorpyrifos uptake kinetics were also examined with and without atrazine exposure. |
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| 11502728 | Tang J, Cao Y, Rose RL, Brimfield AA, Dai D, Goldstein JA, Hodgson E: Metabolism of chlorpyrifos by human cytochrome P450 isoforms and human, mouse, and rat liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Sep;29(9):1201-4. CPS can be activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) through a desulfuration reaction to form chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO), a potent anticholinesterase. |
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| 15076655 | Albers JW, Berent S, Garabrant DH, Giordani B, Schweitzer SJ, Garrison RP, Richardson RJ: The effects of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos on the neurologic examination of central nervous system function: a prospective cohort study. J Occup Environ Med. 2004 Apr;46(4):367-78. Chlorpyrifos subjects had significantly higher TCP excretion and lower average BuChE activity than referents in a range in which physiological effects on B-esterases exist. |
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| 19368821 | Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ: Protein kinase C is a target for diverse developmental neurotoxicants: transcriptional responses to chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin and divalent in PC12 cells. Brain Res. 2009 Mar 31;1263:23-32. Epub 2009 Feb 5. Our findings provide some of the first evidence for a specific mechanistic cascade contributing to the cholinesterase-independent developmental neurotoxicant actions of chlorpyrifos and its differences from diazinon, while at the same time identifying mechanistic convergence between otherwise unrelated toxicants that provides predictions about common neurodevelopmental outcomes. |
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| 12474960 | Owen R, Buxton L, Sarkis S, Toaspern M, Knap A, Depledge M: An evaluation of hemolymph cholinesterase activities in the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, for the rapid assessment of pesticide exposure. Mar Pollut Bull. 2002 Oct;44(10):1010-7. Acute in vivo experiments showed inhibition of hemolymph acetylcholinesterase activity at concentrations of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos of 0.1, 1 and 10 ng l (-1). |
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| 14677911 | Latuszynska J, Luty S, Raszewski G, Przebirowska D, Tokarska-Rodak M: effect of dermally applied chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2003;10(2):197-201. Blood was taken from the heart after 1 day, 1 week, 2 and 3 weeks after the administration of the preparation in order to determine cholinesterase activity in serum, and the brain was taken to evaluate brain cholinesterase activity. |
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| 18773955 | Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ: Developmental neurotoxicity of parathion: progressive effects on serotonergic systems in adolescence and adulthood. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2009 Jan-Feb;31(1):11-7. Epub 2008 Aug 20. We administered parathion to newborn rats on postnatal days (PN) 1-4 at doses spanning the threshold for detectable cholinesterase inhibition (0.1 mg/kg/day) and the first signs of loss of viability (0.2 mg/kg/day). These findings stand in strong contrast to previous results with neonatal exposure to a different organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, which evoked parallel upregulation of all three 5HT synaptic proteins that persisted from adolescence through full adulthood and that targeted males much more than females. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 18470610 | Silva KT, Pathiratne A: In vitro and in vivo effects of cadmium on cholinesterases in Nile tilapia fingerlings: implications for biomonitoring aquatic pollution. Ecotoxicology. 2008 Nov;17(8):725-31. Epub 2008 May 10. Prior exposure and co-exposure of fish to 15 microg l (-1) of Cd (2+) enhanced the extent of inhibition of ChE levels induced by the organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos. |
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| 10653531 | Yano BL, Young JT, Mattsson JL: Lack of carcinogenicity of chlorpyrifos insecticide in a high-dose, 2-year dietary toxicity study in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Jan;53(1):135-44. Doses for the 2-year study were based on findings in a 13-week feeding study in which lower body weights, urinary perineal staining, cortical vacuolization, and inhibition (slightly more than 60%) of brain cholinesterase (ChE) occurred at 15 mg/kg/day. |
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| 11718951 | Gordon CJ, Mack CM: Diurnal variation in thermoregulatory response to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl in the rat. Toxicology. 2001 Dec 14;169(2):93-105. It would be expected that the circadian temperature rhythm (CTR) as well as the circadian rhythms of other physiological processes would affect the efficacy of anticholinesterase (antiChE) insecticides. |
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| 17267174 | Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ: Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure elicits presynaptic serotonergic and dopaminergic hyperactivity at adolescence: critical periods for regional and sex-selective effects. Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Apr-May;23(3):421-7. Epub 2006 Aug 1. Pregnant rats were given CPF (1 or 5mg/kg/day) from gestational days (GD) 17-20 or GD9-12 and 5HT levels and turnover were evaluated on postnatal day 30; the lower dose lies below the threshold for inhibition of fetal brain cholinesterase. |
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| 15527875 | Parran DK, Magnin G, Li W, Jortner BS, Ehrich M: Chlorpyrifos alters functional integrity and structure of an in vitro BBB model: co-cultures of bovine endothelial cells and neonatal rat astrocytes. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Jan;26(1):77-88. At tested concentrations (0.1-10 microM), CPF inhibited both carboxylesterase (CaE) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities in BMECs by 43-100%, while CPF-oxon totally inhibited CaE and ChE activity in concentrations as low as 0.1 microM. |
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| 10794384 | Padilla S, Buzzard J, Moser VC: Comparison of the role of esterases in the differential age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos and methamidophos. Neurotoxicology. 2000 Feb-Apr;21(1-2):49-56. More than 30 years ago, scientists recognized that, at a given dosage, the young rat was more sensitive than the adult to the toxicity of many organophosphorus, anticholinesterase pesticides. |
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| 7504821 | Chakraborti TK, Farrar JD, Pope CN: Comparative neurochemical and neurobehavioral effects of repeated chlorpyrifos exposures in young and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993 Sep;46(1):219-24. Repeated doses of CPF (40 mg/kg, SC, every 4 days, total of 4 doses) caused extensive inhibition of cortical, hippocampal, and striatal cholinesterase (ChE) activity in adult rats at 4 (90-92%) and 14 (71-78%) days after the last treatment. |
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| 11405414 | Abu-Qare AW, Abdel-Rahman A, Brownie C, Kishk AM, Abou-Donia MB: Inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes following a single dermal dose of chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2001 Jun 8;63(3):173-89. Application of methyl parathion or chlorpyrifos alone or in combination significantly inhibited maternal plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity. |
256(2,5,5,6) | Details |
| 19699221 | Shenouda J, Green P, Sultatos L: An evaluation of the inhibition of human butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase by the organophosphate chlorpyrifos oxon. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;241(2):135-42. Epub 2009 Aug 19. |
252(3,3,4,7) | Details |
| 17554074 | Padilla S: Re: age-related brain cholinesterase inhibition kinetics following in vitro incubation with chlorpyrifos-oxon and diazinon-oxon. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Aug;98(2):604; author reply 605-6. Epub 2007 Jun 6. |
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| 15885262 | Timchalk C, Poet TS, Hinman MN, Busby AL, Kousba AA: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction for a binary mixture of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 May 15;205(1):31-42. Chlorpyrifos, DZN, and their respective metabolites, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMHP), were quantified in blood and/or urine and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition was measured in brain, RBC, and plasma. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 17123561 | Gearhart DA, Sickles DW, Buccafusco JJ, Prendergast MA, Terry AV Jr: Chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-oxon, and diisopropylfluorophosphate inhibit kinesin-dependent microtubule motility. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Jan 1;218(1):20-9. Epub 2006 Oct 17. While inhibition of cholinesterases underlies the acute toxicity of these organophosphates, we previously reported impaired axonal transport in the sciatic nerves from rats treated chronically with subthreshold doses of chlorpyrifos. |
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| 10406933 | Liu J, Olivier K, Pope CN: Comparative neurochemical effects of repeated methyl parathion or chlorpyrifos exposures in neonatal and adult rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Jul 15;158(2):186-96. To test this hypothesis, we treated neonatal (7 days of age) and adult (90 days of age) rats with either methyl parathion (MPS) or chlorpyrifos (CPF) daily for 14 days and measured neurochemical endpoints {cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, total muscarinic receptor ([(3) H] quinuclidinyl benzilate, QNB) and muscarinic M2 subtype-preferential ([(3) H] AF-DX 384) binding} in frontal cortex and striatum at timepoints both during (1 day after the 7 (th) and 14 (th) dose) and after (8 days after the 14 (th) dose) exposures. |
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| 8747743 | Moser VC: Comparisons of the acute effects of cholinesterase inhibitors using a neurobehavioral screening battery in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):617-25. The acute effects of two carbamates (carbaryl, aldicarb) and five organophosphates (OP) (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion, fenthion, and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, or DFP) were evaluated on the day of dosing at the time of peak effect, at 1 and 3 days, and 1 week after dosing (oral gavage, in corn oil). |
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| 18096363 | Timofeeva OA, Roegge CS, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED: Persistent cognitive alterations in rats after early postnatal exposure to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2008 Jan-Feb;30(1):38-45. Epub 2007 Oct 24. BACKGROUND: Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphorous insecticides (OPs) involves multiple mechanisms in addition to cholinesterase inhibition. We have found persisting effects of developmental chlorpyrifos (CPF) and diazinon (DZN) on cholinergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems and gene expression as well as behavioral function. |
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| 9890196 | Sparks SE, Quistad GB, Casida JE: Organophosphorus pesticide-induced butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and potentiation of succinylcholine toxicity in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 1999;13(2):113-8. There are two reported cases of prolonged paralysis from succinylcholine in patients poisoned with the organophosphorus insecticides parathion and chlorpyrifos. |
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| 8838647 | Breslin WJ, Liberacki AB, Dittenber DA, Quast JF: Evaluation of the developmental and reproductive toxicity of chlorpyrifos in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1996 Jan;29(1):119-30. Maternal effects noted at the two higher dose levels included decreased cholinesterase levels at 3.0 mg/kg/day and cholinergic signs (excessive salivation and tremors), decreased cholinesterase levels, and decreased body weight gain at 15 mg/kg/day. |
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| 19442821 | Gordon CJ, Ward WO: A multianalyte profile of serum proteins to screen for toxicological effects of anticholinesterase insecticides in the rat. Neurotoxicology. 2009 May;30(3):377-81. Epub 2009 Feb 24. |
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| 17454568 | Mack CM, Gordon CJ: Differential sensitivity to anticholinesterase insecticides in the juvenile rat: effects on thermoregulation. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 Mar 1;70(5):439-44. The PND 17 pups were then dosed by oral gavage with the OP chlorpyrifos (CHP) (1, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg) or the CB carbaryl (CAR) (10, 20, 80, 120, or 160 mg/kg) or the corn oil vehicle. |
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| 12206422 | Richards SM, Kendall RJ: Biochemical effects of chlorpyrifos on two developmental stages of Xenopus laevis. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002 Sep;21(9):1826-35. Measures of effect included mortality, deformity, cholinesterase (ChE) activity, and DNA and protein concentration. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 8854833 | Sanchez-Fortun S, Sanz F, Barahona MV: Acute toxicity of several organophosphorous insecticides and protection by cholinergic antagonists and 2-PAM on Artemia salina larvae. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996 Oct;31(3):391-8. The acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos, methylchlorpyrifos, parathion and methylparathion to three age classes of Artemia salina was determined. The protective effect of the cholinergic antagonists atropine, hexamethonium, pirenzepine and 11-(2-((diethyl-amino) methyl)-1-piperidinylacetyl)-5, 11-dihydro-6H-pyrido (2,3-b)-(1,4)-benzodiazepine-6-one (AF-DX 116) and a cholinesterase-reactivating oxime 2- methochloride (2-PAM) on the mortality due to four selected OPI in Artemia salina 24-h old was investigated. |
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| 19454054 | : Organophosphorus poisoning (acute). Clin Evid. 2007 Mar 1;2007. pii: 2102. INTRODUCTION: Acute organophosphorus poisoning occurs after dermal, respiratory, or oral exposure to either low-volatility pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, dimethoate) or high-volatility nerve gases (e.g. sarin, tabun). CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: activated charcoal, alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists, atropine, benzodiazepines, butyrylcholinesterase replacement therapy, cathartics, extracorporeal clearance, gastric lavage, glycopyrronium bromide, ipecacuanha, magnesium sulphate, milk or other home remedies, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, organophosphorus hydrolases, oximes, sodium bicarbonate, washing the poisoned person and removing contaminated clothing. |
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| 11750078 | Howard MD, Pope CN: In vitro effects of chlorpyrifos, parathion, methyl parathion and their oxons on cardiac muscarinic receptor binding in neonatal and adult rats. Toxicology. 2002 Jan 15;170(1-2):1-10. As effective concentrations of the oxons were relatively similar to their anticholinesterase potencies, these findings suggest that direct interaction with cardiac muscarinic receptors by some organophosphorus agents may occur at relevant exposure levels and contribute to cardiac toxicity. |
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| 15112752 | Knaak JB, Dary CC, Power F, Thompson CB, Blancato JN: Physicochemical and biological data for the development of predictive organophosphorus pesticide QSARs and PBPK/PD models for human risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2004 Mar-Apr;34(2):143-207. Except for work on parathion, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos, very few modeling data were found on the 31 OPs of interest. A limited amount of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CaE) inhibition and recovery data were found in the literature on the 31 OPs. |
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| 16675418 | Jameson RR, Seidler FJ, Qiao D, Slotkin TA: Chlorpyrifos affects phenotypic outcomes in a model of mammalian neurodevelopment: critical stages targeting differentiation in PC12 cells. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May;114(5):667-72. To determine if CPF directly affects neuronal cell replication and phenotypic fate, and to identify the vulnerable stages of differentiation, we exposed PC12 cells, a model for mammalian neurodevelopment, to CPF concentrations spanning the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition (5-50 microM) and conducted evaluations during mitosis and in early and mid-differentiation. |
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| 9618344 | Gibson JE, Peterson RK, Shurdut BA: Human exposure and risk from indoor use of chlorpyrifos. . Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Jun;106(6):303-6. |
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| 9705902 | Song X, Violin JD, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Modeling the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vitro: macromolecule synthesis in PC12 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998 Jul;151(1):182-91. |
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| 11051590 | Goel A, Chauhan DP, Dhawan DK: Protective effects of zinc in chlorpyrifos induced hepatotoxicity: a biochemical and trace elemental study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 May;74(2):171-83. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 18726789 | Eaton DL, Daroff RB, Autrup H, Bridges J, Buffler P, Costa LG, Coyle J, McKhann G, Mobley WC, Nadel L, Neubert D, Schulte-Hermann R, Spencer PS: Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2008;38 Suppl 2:1-125. Current "background" (nonoccupational) levels of exposure to chlorpyrifos are several orders of magnitude lower than those required to inhibit plasma cholinesterase activity, which is a more sensitive target than nervous system cholinesterase. |
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| 11748873 | Latuszynska J, Luty S, Raszewski G, Tokarska-Rodak M, Przebirowska D, Przylepa E, Haratym-Maj A: effect of dermally-applied chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in Wistar rats. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001;8(2):163-70. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a dermally-applied mixture of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in rats based on cognitive function, activity of the blood cholinesterase and brain acetylcholinesterase, as well as histologic brain examination. |
162(2,2,2,2) | Details |
| 10543028 | Tang J, Carr RL, Chambers JE: Changes in rat brain cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor density during and after repeated oral exposure to chlorpyrifos in early postnatal development. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Oct;51(2):265-72. |
162(2,2,2,2) | Details |
| 9221834 | Song X, Seidler FJ, Saleh JL, Zhang J, Padilla S, Slotkin TA: Cellular mechanisms for developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos: targeting the adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Jul;145(1):158-74. Developmental neurotoxicity caused by chlorpyrifos exposure is generally thought to target cholinesterase but chlorpyrifos may also act on cellular intermediates, such as adenylyl cyclase, that serve global functions in the coordination of cell development. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 20097188 | Lee S, Poet TS, Smith JN, Busby-Hjerpe AL, Timchalk C: Effect of in vivo exposure on chlorpyrifos pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Mar 30;184(3):449-57. Epub 2010 Jan 25. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated exposure on the pharmacokinetics of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its major metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) in blood and urine and also to determine the impact on cholinesterase (ChE) activity in plasma and brain. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 11854147 | Usmani KA, Rose RL, Goldstein JA, Taylor WG, Brimfield AA, Hodgson E: In vitro human metabolism and interactions of repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Mar;30(3):289-94. Mice treated with DEET demonstrated induced levels of the CYP2B family, increased hydroxylation, and a 2.4-fold increase in the metabolism of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos-oxon, a potent anticholinesterase. |
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| 17265677 | Racakova V, Hrabinova M, Jun D, Kuca K: Substituted monoquaternary oximes as reactivators of cyclosarin--and chlorpyrifos--inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2006 Dec;57(4):387-90. Nerve agent cyclosarin and pesticide chlorpyrifos were used as organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors. |
31(0,1,1,1) | Details |
| 17698941 | Singh S, Bhardwaj U, Verma SK, Bhalla A, Gill K: Hyperamylasemia and acute pancreatitis following anticholinesterase poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Jun;26(6):467-71. They had ingested chlorpyrifos. |
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| 17324631 | Vioque-Fernandez A, de Almeida EA, Lopez-Barea J: Esterases as pesticide biomarkers in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Crustacea): tissue distribution, sensitivity to model compounds and recovery from inactivation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;145(3):404-12. Epub 2007 Jan 30. The specific activities of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase were assayed in the digestive gland and in nervous and muscle tissues of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Carboxylesterase was inhibited by carbaryl and chlorpyrifos, but not by eserine and malathion. |
4(0,0,0,4) | Details |
| 8829340 | Willig S, Hunter DL, Dass PD, Padilla S: Validation of the use of 6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid as a chromogen in the Ellman method for cholinesterase determinations. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1996 Aug;38(4):249-53. |
4(0,0,0,4) | Details |
| 8722258 | Burn JD, Leighton FA: Further studies of brain cholinesterase: cholinergic receptor ratios in the diagnosis of acute lethal poisoning of birds by anticholinesterase pesticides. J Wildl Dis. 1996 Apr;32(2):216-24. Acute lethal poisoning by the organophosphate chlorpyrifos did not affect the density of mAChR. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 14718179 | Ehrich M, Hancock S, Ward D, Holladay S, Pung T, Flory L, Hinckley J, Jortner BS: Neurologic and immunologic effects of exposure to chlorpyrifos, and multiple doses of tri-ortho-tolyl over a 28-day period in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Mar 12;67(5):431-57. Blood cholinesterase levels were obtained during the 28-d study period and found useful for monitoring OP exposure. |
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| 10876031 | Crumpton TL, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Is oxidative stress involved in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos?. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2000 Jun 30;121(2):189-95. CPF targets a number of events specific to brain development, over and above the ability of its active metabolite, CPF oxon, to inhibit cholinesterase. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 19440498 | Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ: Oxidative and excitatory mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity: transcriptional profiles for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin, and divalent in PC12 cells. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Apr;117(4):587-96. Epub 2008 Dec 5. CONCLUSIONS: Our results point to underlying mechanisms by which different organophosphates produce disparate outcomes despite their shared property as cholinesterase inhibitors. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18817854 | Timofeeva OA, Sanders D, Seemann K, Yang L, Hermanson D, Regenbogen S, Agoos S, Kallepalli A, Rastogi A, Braddy D, Wells C, Perraut C, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED: Persistent behavioral alterations in rats neonatally exposed to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, parathion. Brain Res Bull. 2008 Dec 16;77(6):404-11. Epub 2008 Sep 24. Our results reinforce the conclusion that low dose exposure to different OPs can have quite different effects, obviously unconnected to their shared property as cholinesterase inhibitors. Although developmental exposures of rats to low levels of the organophosphate pesticides (OPs), chlorpyrifos (CPF) or diazinon (DZN), both cause persistent neurobehavioral effects, there are important differences in their neurotoxicity. |
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| 10446342 | Dam K, Garcia SJ, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure alters synaptic development and neuronal activity in cholinergic and catecholaminergic pathways. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999 Aug 5;116(1):9-20. Effects on catecholamine systems were unrelated to the magnitude or temporal pattern of cholinesterase inhibition. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 7688273 | Drevenkar V, Vasilic Z, Stengl B, Frobe Z, Rumenjak V: Chlorpyrifos metabolites in serum and urine of poisoned persons. Chem Biol Interact. 1993 Jun;87(1-3):315-22. The organophosphate poisoning was indicated by a significant depression of blood cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7 and EC 3.1.1.8) activities. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16472551 | Jeong SH, Kim BY, Kang HG, Ku HO, Cho JH: Effect of chlorpyrifos-methyl on steroid and thyroid hormones in rat F0- and F1-generations. Toxicology. 2006 Mar 15;220(2-3):189-202. Epub 2006 Feb 3. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 18436430 | Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Ryde IT, Yanai J: Developmental effects of chlorpyrifos on and pathways in an avian model. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2008 Sep-Oct;30(5):433-9. Epub 2008 Mar 18. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 9443830 | Johnson DE, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Early biochemical detection of delayed neurotoxicity resulting from developmental exposure to chloropyrifos. Brain Res Bull. 1998;45(2):143-7. Developing animals are more sensitive than adults to the delayed neurotoxicity caused by chlorpyrifos exposure. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 11749124 | Karanth S, Olivier K Jr, Liu J, Pope C: In vivo interaction between chlorpyrifos and parathion in adult rats: sequence of administration can markedly influence toxic outcome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Dec 15;177(3):247-55. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 9799188 | Byrne SL, Shurdut BA, Saunders DG: Potential chlorpyrifos exposure to residents following standard crack and crevice treatment. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Nov;106(11):725-31. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 10051415 | Chen WL, Sheets JJ, Nolan RJ, Mattsson JL: Human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase inhibition as the appropriate and conservative surrogate endpoint for establishing chlorpyrifos reference dose. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999 Feb;29(1):15-22. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 12520769 | Sanchez-Amate MC, Davila E, Canadas F, Flores P, Sanchez-Santed F: Chlorpyrifos shares stimulus properties with pentylenetetrazol as evaluated by an operant drug discrimination task. Neurotoxicology. 2002 Dec;23(6):795-803. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 19223938 | Albers JW, Garabrant DH, Berent S, Richardson RJ: Paraoxonase status and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity in chlorpyrifos manufacturing workers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2010 Jan;20(1):79-89. Epub 2009 Feb 18. Linear regression analyses modeled BuChE activity as a function of chlorpyrifos exposure and covariates. |
155(1,3,5,5) | Details |
| 10996483 | Sams C, Mason HJ, Rawbone R: Evidence for the activation of organophosphate pesticides by cytochromes P450 3A4 and 2D6 in human liver microsomes. Toxicol Lett. 2000 Aug 16;116(3):217-21. The role of specific cytochrome P450 isoforms in catalysing the oxidative biotransformation of the organophosphorothioate pesticides parathion, chlorpyrifos and diazinon into structures that inhibit cholinesterase has been investigated in human liver microsomes using chemical inhibitors. |
144(1,3,3,4) | Details |
| 10611511 | Dam K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Chlorpyrifos releases from adult and neonatal rat brain synaptosomes. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999 Dec 10;118(1-2):129-33. Exposure of developing animals to apparently subtoxic doses of chlorpyrifos (CPF) during a critical period of synaptogenesis has been shown to affect catecholaminergic synaptic development and neuronal activity separably from its inhibition of cholinesterase. |
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| 12738182 | Zayed SM, Farghaly M, El-Maghraby S: Fate of 14C-chlorpyrifos in stored soybeans and its toxicological potential to mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Jun;41(6):767-72. Feeding mice for 90 days with a diet mixed with total internal chlorpyrifos residues in stored soybeans led to considerably inhibited plasma and red blood cells-cholinesterase activity by 78 and 46%, respectively, during the experimental period. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 7514260 | Gordon CJ: Thermoregulatory effects of chlorpyrifos in the rat: long-term changes in cholinergic and noradrenergic sensitivity. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1994 Jan-Feb;16(1):1-9. Subcutaneous injection of a sublethal dose of chlorpyrifos (CHLP), an organophosphate (OP) pesticide, causes long-term inhibition in cholinesterase activity (ChE) of brain, blood, and other tissues. |
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| 16449251 | Quistad GB, Liang SN, Fisher KJ, Nomura DK, Casida JE: Each lipase has a unique sensitivity profile for organophosphorus inhibitors. Toxicol Sci. 2006 May;91(1):166-72. Epub 2006 Jan 31. In an overview, inhibition of 28 serine hydrolases (including lipases) by eight OPs (chlorpyrifos oxon, diazoxon, paraoxon, dichlorvos, and four nonpesticides) showed that brain acetylcholinesterase is usually less sensitive than butyrylcholinesterase, liver esterase, cholesterol esterase, and KIAA1363. |
31(0,1,1,1) | Details |
| 15663293 | Choi J, Hodgson E, Rose RL: Inhibition of trans-permethrin hydrolysis in human liver fractions by chloropyrifos oxon and carbaryl. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2004;20(4):233-46. Carbaryl, a known anticholinesterase agent, showed non-competitive inhibition kinetics, with Ki values two orders of magnitude higher than those for chlorpyrifos oxon. |
31(0,1,1,1) | Details |
| 17998142 | Gagnaire B, Geffard O, Xuereb B, Margoum C, Garric J: Cholinesterase activities as potential biomarkers: characterization in two freshwater snails, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Mollusca, Hydrobiidae, Smith 1889) and Valvata piscinalis (Mollusca, Valvatidae, Muller 1774). Chemosphere. 2008 Mar;71(3):553-60. Epub 2007 Nov 12. Secondly, in vivo effect of a widely used organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, was tested on ChE activity in both species. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 16289700 | Abdel-Halim KY, Salama AK, El-Khateeb EN, Bakry NM: Organophosphorus pollutants (OPP) in aquatic environment at Damietta Governorate, Egypt: implications for monitoring and biomarker responses. Chemosphere. 2006 Jun;63(9):1491-8. Epub 2005 Nov 14. The obtained results are in parallel to that found in case of cholinesterase activity where the activity of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was declined at these seasonal period. Chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, malathion, diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl and profenofos were detected in most samples. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 12521673 | Gordon CJ, Mack CM: Influence of gender on thermoregulation and cholinesterase inhibition in the long-evans rat exposed to diazinon. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2003 Feb 14;66(3):291-304. When compared on a molar basis, the hypothermic response to diazinon was relatively small compared to other OPs such as chlorpyrifos. |
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| 20156521 | Povey AC: Gene-environmental interactions and organophosphate toxicity. Toxicology. 2010 Feb 13. Immediately after treatment, farmers' urines contain detectable levels of OP metabolites but few farmers have a significant decrease in plasma cholinesterase activity. Diazinon, like chlorpyrifos, is an organothiophosphate which is metabolised, particularly by cytochrome p450s, to the corresponding active oxon form. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15081265 | Karanth S, Liu J, Olivier K Jr, Pope C: Interactive toxicity of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion in adult rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Apr 15;196(2):183-90. Cholinesterase inhibition in plasma, diaphragm, and frontal cortex was generally higher in rats treated sequentially with CPF first than in those treated initially with MPS from 4 to 24 h after dosing. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17392689 | Chambers JE, Boone JS, Davis MK, Moran JE, Tyler JW: Assessing transferable residues from intermittent exposure to flea control collars containing the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2007 Nov;17(7):656-66. Epub 2007 Mar 28. Blood samples were obtained from treated dogs in Study 1 and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity was monitored. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 14754571 | Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Developmental effects of chlorpyrifos extend beyond neurotoxicity: critical periods for immediate and delayed-onset effects on cardiac and hepatic cell signaling. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Feb;112(2):170-8. Developmental effects of CPF involve mechanisms over and above cholinesterase inhibition, notably events in cell signaling that are shared by nonneural targets. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10788567 | Zheng Q, Olivier K, Won YK, Pope CN: Comparative cholinergic neurotoxicity of oral chlorpyrifos exposures in preweanling and adult rats. Toxicol Sci. 2000 May;55(1):124-32. Neonatal and adult rats (n = 5-7/treatment/age group/time point) were given CPF (0, 0.15, 0.45, 0. 75, 1.5, 4.5, 7.5, or 15 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and sacrificed 4 h after either the first or 14th dose for neurochemical measurements (cholinesterase activity in frontal cortex, plasma and RBC, and muscarinic ([(3) H] QNB) and nicotinic ([(3) H] epibatidine) receptor binding in frontal cortex. |
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| 19190125 | De Angelis S, Tassinari R, Maranghi F, Eusepi A, Di Virgilio A, Chiarotti F, Ricceri L, Venerosi Pesciolini A, Gilardi E, Moracci G, Calamandrei G, Olivieri A, Mantovani A: Developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos induces alterations in thyroid and thyroid hormone levels without other toxicity signs in CD-1 mice. Toxicol Sci. 2009 Apr;108(2):311-9. Epub 2009 Feb 3. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 16760416 | Ricceri L, Venerosi A, Capone F, Cometa MF, Lorenzini P, Fortuna S, Calamandrei G: Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphorous pesticides: fetal and neonatal exposure to chlorpyrifos alters sex-specific behaviors at adulthood in mice. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Sep;93(1):105-13. Epub 2006 Jun 7. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 11485862 | Buznikov GA, Nikitina LA, Bezuglov VV, Lauder JM, Padilla S, Slotkin TA: An invertebrate model of the developmental neurotoxicity of insecticides: effects of chlorpyrifos and dieldrin in sea urchin embryos and larvae. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Jul;109(7):651-61. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 16033991 | Samsam TE, Hunter DL, Bushnell PJ: Effects of chronic dietary and repeated acute exposure to chlorpyrifos on learning and sustained attention in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Oct;87(2):460-8. Epub 2005 Jul 20. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 19575182 | Noort D, Hulst AG, van Zuylen A, van Rijssel E, van der Schans MJ: Covalent binding of organophosphorothioates to albumin: a new perspective for OP-pesticide biomonitoring?. Arch Toxicol. 2009 Nov;83(11):1031-6. Epub 2009 Jul 4. In vitro exposure levels of parathion and chlorpyrifos down to 1 microM could readily be assessed. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 10758353 | Maurissen JP, Shankar MR, Mattsson JL: Chlorpyrifos: lack of cognitive effects in adult Long-Evans rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2000 Mar-Apr;22(2):237-46. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 16675515 | Betancourt AM, Burgess SC, Carr RL: Effect of developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos on the expression of neurotrophin growth factors and cell-specific markers in neonatal rat brain. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Aug;92(2):500-6. Epub 2006 May 4. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 11673119 | Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos modeled in vitro: comparative effects of metabolites and other cholinesterase inhibitors on DNA synthesis in PC12 and C6 cells. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Sep;109(9):909-13. Chlorpyrifos oxon, the active metabolite that inhibits cholinesterase, also decreased DNA synthesis in PC12 and C6 cells with a preferential effect on the latter. |
143(1,3,3,3) | Details |
| 17928175 | Al-Badrany YM, Mohammad FK: Effects of acute and repeated oral exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on open-field activity in chicks. Toxicol Lett. 2007 Nov 1;174(1-3):110-6. Epub 2007 Sep 6. Chlorpyrifos at the dose rates of 5,10 and 20mg/kg orally produced within 2h signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks and significantly inhibited plasma (40-70%), whole brain (43-69%) and liver (31-46%) cholinesterase activities in a dose-dependent manner. |
143(1,3,3,3) | Details |
| 16182429 | Gordon CJ, Herr DW, Gennings C, Graff JE, McMurray M, Stork L, Coffey T, Hamm A, Mack CM: Thermoregulatory response to an organophosphate and insecticide mixture: testing the assumption of dose-additivity. Toxicology. 2006 Jan 5;217(1):1-13. Epub 2005 Sep 22. This study assessed if there is an interaction between mixtures of the anticholinesterase insecticides chlorpyrifos (CHP) and carbaryl (CAR) using hypothermia and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition as toxicological endpoints. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 15963356 | Slotkin TA, Oliver CA, Seidler FJ: Critical periods for the role of oxidative stress in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and terbutaline, alone or in combination. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2005 Jun 30;157(2):172-80. The developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF) involves mechanisms other than inhibition of cholinesterase. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 10876030 | Dam K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Chlorpyrifos exposure during a critical neonatal period elicits gender-selective deficits in the development of coordination skills and locomotor activity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2000 Jun 30;121(2):179-87. The gender-selective behavioral effects were associated with greater sensitivity of males to inhibition of cholinesterase in the first few hours after chlorpyrifos treatment. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 17666426 | Guo-Ross SX, Chambers JE, Meek EC, Carr RL: Altered muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype binding in neonatal rat brain following exposure to chlorpyrifos or methyl parathion. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Nov;100(1):118-27. Epub 2007 Jul 31. The neurodevelopmental effects of two organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, chlorpyrifos (CPS) and methyl parathion (MPS), on cholinesterase (ChE) activity and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) binding were investigated in neonatal rat brain. |
31(0,1,1,1) | Details |
| 16256208 | Slotkin TA, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Seidler FJ: Imbalances emerge in cardiac autonomic cell signaling after neonatal exposure to terbutaline or chlorpyrifos, alone or in combination. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2005 Dec 7;160(2):219-30. Epub 2005 Oct 26. In neonatal rats, we examined the effects of exposure to terbutaline, a beta-adrenoceptor (betaAR) agonist used to arrest preterm labor, and chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used organophosphate pesticide that acts in part through inhibition of cholinesterase, using scenarios mimicking the likely developmental stages corresponding to peak human exposures: postnatal days (PN) 2-5 for terbutaline and PN11-14 for CPF. |
31(0,1,1,1) | Details |
| 16318873 | Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ: The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007 Feb;66(2):244-51. Epub 2005 Nov 28. A microcosm study indicated effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms as determined by measuring biomass change and Cholinesterase inhibition. |
31(0,1,1,1) | Details |
| 12242675 | Van Erp S, Booth L, Gooneratne R, O'Halloran K: Sublethal responses of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) to organophosphorous insecticides. Environ Toxicol. 2002 Oct;17(5):449-56. The activities of cholinesterase (ChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes were assessed in the wolf spider (Lycosa hilaris) as biomarkers of organophosphate contamination in agricultural ecosystems. Spiders were exposed to simulated field rates of two commercially available organophosphorous insecticides [Basudin (diazinon) and Lorsban (chlorpyrifos)] under laboratory conditions. |
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| 15719990 | Osten JR, Soares AM, Guilhermino L: Black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) brain cholinesterase characterization and diagnosis of anticholinesterase pesticide exposure in wild populations from Mexico. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005 Feb;24(2):313-7. The pesticides used to control pests of this crop mainly are carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, and |
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| 18384877 | Leticia AG, Gerardo GB: Determination of esterase activity and characterization of cholinesterases in the reef fish Haemulon plumieri. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008 Mar 31. Finally, an additional experiment in vitro showed a significant decrease in both ChE and CbE activities when different tissues were exposed to model xenobiotics, such as benzo [a] pyrene and Chlorpyrifos. |
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| 15325212 | Bonacci S, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Hagger JA, Corsi I, Focardi S, Galloway TS: Esterase activities in the bivalve mollusc Adamussium colbecki as a biomarker for pollution monitoring in the Antarctic marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull. 2004 Sep;49(5-6):445-55. Results showed the presence of organophosphorous-sensitive cholinesterase (ChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities in the gills of A. colbecki and optimal assay conditions were comparable with those found for bivalve species from temperate areas. A higher sensitivity of ChE versus acetylthiocholine activity in A. colbecki to chlorpyrifos compared to species from temperate areas may also be inferred. |
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| 18061672 | Domingues I, Guilhermino L, Soares AM, Nogueira AJ, Monaghan KA: Influence of exposure scenario on pesticide toxicity in the midge Kiefferulus calligaster (Kieffer). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2009 Feb;72(2):450-7. Epub 2007 Dec 3. In this work, an experimental design was planned to investigate the influence of the organism age, duration of exposure and subsequent recovery period (after cessation of toxic exposure) on chlorpyrifos or carbendazim toxicity to Kiefferulus calligaster. The endpoints studied were cholinesterase (ChE) activity and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. |
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| 17893397 | Betancourt AM, Filipov NM, Carr RL: Alteration of neurotrophins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of young rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Dec;100(2):445-55. Epub 2007 Sep 24. Exposure induced significant effects on growth and cholinesterase activity. |
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| 10429681 | Clegg DJ, van Gemert M: Expert panel report of human studies on chlorpyrifos and/or other organophosphate exposures. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 1999 Jul-Sep;2(3):257-79. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 12191866 | Cocker J, Mason HJ, Garfitt SJ, Jones K: Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2002 Aug 5;134(1-3):97-103. Additionally, we have conducted studies of non-occupational exposure and human volunteer studies looking at the kinetics of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, diazinon and malathion. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 11446824 | Jett DA, Navoa RV, Beckles RA, McLemore GL: Cognitive function and cholinergic neurochemistry in weanling rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Jul 15;174(2):89-98. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 19079407 | Paudyal BP: Organophosphorus poisoning. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008 Oct-Dec;47(172):251-8. Metacid (Methyl parathion) and Nuvan (Dichlorovos) are commonly ingested OP pesticides; Dimethoate, Profenofos, and Chlorpyrifos are other less frequently ingested compounds in Nepal. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 11191881 | Li WF, Costa LG, Richter RJ, Hagen T, Shih DM, Tward A, Lusis AJ, Furlong CE: Catalytic efficiency determines the in-vivo efficacy of PON1 for detoxifying organophosphorus compounds. Pharmacogenetics. 2000 Dec;10(9):767-79. In-vivo analysis, where PON1-knockout mice received the same amount of either PON1 (192) isoform via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 4 h prior to exposure, showed that both isoforms provided a similar degree of protection against diazoxon, while PON1R192 conferred better protection against chlorpyrifos-oxon than PON1Q192. |
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| 18155347 | Saulsbury MD, Heyliger SO, Wang K, Round D: Characterization of chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in placental cells. Toxicology. 2008 Feb 28;244(2-3):98-110. Epub 2007 Oct 30. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 18761328 | Mirajkar N, Pope CN: In vitro sensitivity of cholinesterases and [3H] oxotremorine-M binding in heart and brain of adult and aging rats to organophosphorus anticholinesterases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Oct 15;76(8):1047-58. Epub 2008 Aug 12. In the heart, butyrylcholinesterase was markedly more sensitive than acetylcholinesterase to inhibition by chlorpyrifos oxon, and butyrylcholinesterase in tissues from aging rats was more sensitive than enzyme from adults, possibly due to differences in A-esterase mediated detoxification. |
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| 15896443 | Zhao Q, Gadagbui B, Dourson M: Lower birth weight as a critical effect of chlorpyrifos: a comparison of human and animal data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;42(1):55-63. Epub 2005 Mar 26. Chlorpyrifos is an irreversible inhibitor of cholinesterase (ChE), and inhibition of ChE is believed to be the most sensitive effect in all animal species evaluated and in humans. |
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| 16360256 | Zhao Q, Dourson M, Gadagbui B: A review of the reference dose for chlorpyrifos. . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Mar;44(2):111-24. Epub 2005 Dec 15. Chlorpyrifos is an inhibitor of cholinesterase (ChE) and inhibition of ChE is believed to be the most sensitive effect in all animal species evaluated and in humans from previous evaluations. |
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| 19482356 | Palma P, Palma VL, Fernandes RM, Bohn A, Soares AM, Barbosa IR: Embryo-toxic effects of environmental concentrations of chlorpyrifos on the crustacean Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2009 Sep;72(6):1714-8. Epub 2009 May 30. Chlorpyrifos is a non-systemic organophosphorus insecticide leading to the inhibition of the enzyme cholinesterase. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 17521148 | Tierney K, Casselman M, Takeda S, Farrell T, Kennedy C: The relationship between cholinesterase inhibition and two types of swimming performance in chlorpyrifos-exposed coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 May;26(5):998-1004. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 10568702 | Lassiter TL, Barone S Jr, Moser VC, Padilla S: Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: dose response profiles for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Nov;52(1):92-100. This study investigates the in vivo dose response profiles of the target enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and the detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase (CaE) in the fetal and maternal compartments of pregnant rats dosed with chlorpyrifos [(O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothionate], a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide. |
68(0,2,3,3) | Details |
| 18941570 | Slotkin TA, Bodwell BE, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ: Exposure of neonatal rats to parathion elicits sex-selective impairment of systems in brain regions during adolescence and adulthood. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Oct;116(10):1308-14. Epub 2008 May 19. Superimposed on this general pattern, the cerebrocortical effects showed a nonmonotonic dose-response relationship, with regression of the defects at the higher parathion dose; this relationship has been seen also after comparable treatments with chlorpyrifos and diazinon and likely represents the involvement of cholinesterase-related actions that mask or offset the effects of lower doses. |
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| 16986800 | Widder PD, Bidwell JR: Cholinesterase activity and behavior in chlorpyrifos-exposed Rana sphenocephala tadpoles. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006 Sep;25(9):2446-54. |
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| 15802843 | Thetkathuek A, Keifer M, Fungladda W, Kaewkungwal J, Padungtod C, Wilson B, Mankhetkorn S: Spectrophotometric determination of plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase activity of 53 fruit farm workers pre- and post-exposed chlorpyrifos for one fruit crop. Chem Pharm Bull. 2005 Apr;53(4):422-4. |
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| 18375477 | Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Sheriff MH, Buckley NA: Predicting outcome using butyrylcholinesterase activity in organophosphorus pesticide self-poisoning. QJM. 2008 Jun;101(6):467-74. Epub 2008 Mar 28. RESULTS: The usefulness of a plasma BuChE activity <600 mU/ml on admission varied markedly--while highly sensitive in chlorpyrifos poisoning (sensitivity 11/11 deaths; 100%, 95% CI 71.5-100), its specificity was only 17.7% (12.6-23.7). |
11(0,0,1,6) | Details |
| 15238287 | Eskenazi B, Harley K, Bradman A, Weltzien E, Jewell NP, Barr DB, Furlong CE, Holland NT: Association of in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jul;112(10):1116-24. We measured nonspecific metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (dimethyl and diethyl phosphates) and metabolites specific to malathion (malathion dicarboxylic acid), chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphoro-thioate], and parathion in maternal urine collected twice during pregnancy. We also measured levels of cholinesterase in whole blood and butyryl cholinesterase in plasma in maternal and umbilical cord blood. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 9772200 | Lassiter TL, Padilla S, Mortensen SR, Chanda SM, Moser VC, Barone S Jr: Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: apparent protection of the fetus? . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998 Sep;152(1):56-65. Previous studies have shown that, in general, young, postnatal animals are more sensitive than adults to the toxic effects of anticholinesterase (antiChE) pesticides. |
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| 7524196 | Padilla S, Wilson VZ, Bushnell PJ: Studies on the correlation between blood cholinesterase inhibition and 'target tissue' inhibition in pesticide-treated rats. Toxicology. 1994 Sep 6;92(1-3):11-25. We undertook this type of study by administering a single dose of an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos (0, 30, 60 or 125 mg/kg in corn oil, s.c.) to rats and then sacrificing animals at 1, 4, 7, 21 or 35 days after dosing. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 20334963 | Collange B, Wheelock CE, Rault M, Mazzia C, Capowiez Y, Sanchez-Hernandez JC: Inhibition, recovery and oxime-induced reactivation of muscle esterases following chlorpyrifos exposure in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Environ Pollut. 2010 Mar 22. Assessment of wildlife exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides generally involves the measurement of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, and complementary biomarkers (or related endpoints) are rarely included. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16403852 | Rosenfeld CA, Sultatos LG: Concentration-dependent kinetics of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by the organophosphate paraoxon. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Apr;90(2):460-9. Epub 2006 Jan 10. For decades the interaction of the anticholinesterase organophosphorus compounds with acetylcholinesterase has been characterized as a straightforward phosphylation of the active site serine (Ser-203) which can be described kinetically by the inhibitory rate constant k (i). However, more recently certain kinetic complexities in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates such as paraoxon (O,O-diethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) and chlorpyrifos oxon (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) have raised questions regarding the adequacy of the kinetic scheme on which k (i) is based. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11861971 | Timchalk C, Nolan RJ, Mendrala AL, Dittenber DA, Brzak KA, Mattsson JL: A Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and humans. Toxicol Sci. 2002 Mar;66(1):34-53. This model integrates target tissue dosimetry and dynamic response (i.e., esterase inhibition) describing uptake, metabolism, and disposition of CPF, CPF-oxon, and TCP and the associated cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition kinetics in blood and tissues following acute and chronic oral and dermal exposure. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10413184 | Gordon CJ, Rowsey PJ: Are circulating cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha involved in chlorpyrifos-induced fever?. Toxicology. 1999 May 3;134(1):9-17. Plasma IL-6, TNF alpha, cholinesterase activity (ChE), total iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), and zinc were measured. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 19450343 | Buckley N, Eddleston M: poisoning. Clin Evid. 2007 Dec 4;2007. pii: 2101. INTRODUCTION: Acute organophosphorus poisoning occurs after dermal, respiratory, or oral exposure to either low-volatility pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, dimethoate) or high-volatility nerve gases (e.g. sarin, tabun). CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: activated charcoal, alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists, atropine, benzodiazepines, butyrylcholinesterase replacement therapy, cathartics, extracorporeal clearance, gastric lavage, glycopyrronium bromide, ipecacuanha, magnesium sulphate, milk or other home remedies, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, organophosphorus hydrolases, oximes, sodium bicarbonate, washing the poisoned person and removing contaminated clothing. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17723768 | Arduini F, Ricci F, Tuta CS, Moscone D, Amine A, Palleschi G: Detection of carbamic and organophosphorous pesticides in water samples using a cholinesterase biosensor based on Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrode. Anal Chim Acta. 2006 Nov 24;580(2):155-62. Epub 2006 Jul 29. AChE-based biosensors have demonstrated a higher sensitivity towards aldicarb (50% inhibition with 50 ppb) and carbaryl (50% inhibition with 85 ppb) while BChE biosensors have shown a higher affinity towards paraoxon (50% inhibition with 4 ppb) and chlorpyrifos-methyl oxon (50% inhibition with 1 ppb). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16611628 | Moser VC, Simmons JE, Gennings C: Neurotoxicological interactions of a five-pesticide mixture in preweanling rats. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Jul;92(1):235-45. Epub 2006 Apr 11. We have conducted interaction studies using a mixture of five organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, acephate, and malathion) in both adult (published previously) and preweanling rats using a fixed-ratio ray design. In the present study, cholinesterase inhibition and behavioral changes (motor activity, gait, and tail-pinch response) were measured in 17-day-old Long-Evans male rats following acute exposure to the OPs. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11384617 | Slotkin TA, Cousins MM, Tate CA, Seidler FJ: Persistent cholinergic presynaptic deficits after neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure. Brain Res. 2001 Jun 1;902(2):229-43. The effects are likely to contribute to gender-selective alterations in behavioral performance that persist or emerge long after the termination of exposure and well after the restoration of cholinesterase activity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 9264064 | Nostrandt AC, Padilla S, Moser VC: The relationship of oral chlorpyrifos effects on behavior, cholinesterase inhibition, and muscarinic receptor density in rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997 Sep;58(1):15-23. Behavioral changes and tissue cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition were examined in animals treated with the commonly used insecticide chlorpyrifos. |
112(1,2,2,2) | Details |
| 18716607 | Garabrant DH, Aylward LL, Berent S, Chen Q, Timchalk C, Burns CJ, Hays SM, Albers JW: Cholinesterase inhibition in chlorpyrifos workers: Characterization of biomarkers of exposure and response in relation to urinary TCPy. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2009 Nov;19(7):634-42. Epub 2008 Aug 20. |
92(1,1,2,7) | Details |
| 17382447 | Cometa MF, Buratti FM, Fortuna S, Lorenzini P, Volpe MT, Parisi L, Testai E, Meneguz A: Cholinesterase inhibition and alterations of hepatic metabolism by oral acute and repeated chlorpyrifos administration to mice. Toxicology. 2007 May 5;234(1-2):90-102. Epub 2007 Feb 23. |
87(1,1,2,2) | Details |
| 11718958 | Dyer SM, Cattani M, Pisaniello DL, Williams FM, Edwards JW: Peripheral cholinesterase inhibition by occupational chlorpyrifos exposure in Australian termiticide applicators. Toxicology. 2001 Dec 28;169(3):177-85. |
87(1,1,2,2) | Details |
| 18266068 | Picco EJ, Rubio MR, David DC, Rodriguez C, Boggio JC: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorpyrifos in male and female cattle after topical administration. Vet Res Commun. 2008 Jun;32(5):401-10. Epub 2008 Feb 12. The aim of this work was to study the pharmacokinetic behaviour and the inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities of chlorpyrifos in male and female cattle after pour-on administration. |
65(0,2,2,5) | Details |
| 17644233 | Howard MD, Mirajkar N, Karanth S, Pope CN: Comparative effects of oral chlorpyrifos exposure on cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor binding in neonatal and adult rat heart. Toxicology. 2007 Sep 5;238(2-3):157-65. Epub 2007 Jun 14. |
63(0,2,2,3) | Details |
| 10700556 | Crumpton TL, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vivo and in vitro: effects on nuclear transcription factors involved in cell replication and differentiation. Brain Res. 2000 Feb 28;857(1-2):87-98. Although chlorpyrifos exerts some effects through cholinesterase inhibition, recent studies suggest additional, direct actions on developing cells. |
62(0,2,2,2) | Details |
| 18796381 | Mohammad FK, Al-Badrany YM, Al-Jobory MM: Acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in chicks dosed orally with organophosphate insecticides. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2008 Sep;59(3):145-51. Acute toxic effects of three commonly used insecticidal preparations of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were examined in mixed breed broiler chicks, and cholinesterase activity in plasma and brain were measured. |
10(0,0,1,5) | Details |
| 7689993 | Richardson RJ, Moore TB, Kayyali US, Randall JC: Chlorpyrifos: assessment of potential for delayed neurotoxicity by repeated dosing in adult hens with monitoring of brain acetylcholinesterase, brain and lymphocyte neurotoxic esterase, and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activities. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1993 Jul;21(1):89-96. |
9(0,0,1,4) | Details |
| 16297460 | Cooper NL, Bidwell JR: Cholinesterase inhibition and impacts on behavior of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, after exposure to an organophosphate insecticide. Aquat Toxicol. 2006 Mar 10;76(3-4):258-67. Epub 2005 Nov 16. This study assessed the effects of exposure to an insecticide formulation containing the organophosphate, chlorpyrifos on cholinesterase activity, siphoning and burrowing ability in the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea. |
9(0,0,1,4) | Details |
| 9512733 | Moser VC, Padilla S: Age- and gender-related differences in the time course of behavioral and biochemical effects produced by oral chlorpyrifos in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998 Mar;149(1):107-19. It is well known that young animals are generally more sensitive to lethal effects of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides, but there are sparse data comparing less-than-lethal effects. |
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| 18565728 | Buznikov GA, Nikitina LA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Bezuglov VV, Milosevic I, Lazarevic L, Rogac L, Ruzdijic S, Rakic LM: Amyloid precursor protein 96-110 and beta-amyloid 1-42 elicit developmental anomalies in sea urchin embryos and larvae that are alleviated by neurotransmitter analogs for and cannabinoids. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2008 Nov-Dec;30(6):503-9. Epub 2008 May 16. For both agents, anomalies were prevented or reduced by addition of lipid-permeable analogs of or cannabinoids; physostigmine, a -derived cholinesterase inhibitor, was also effective. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 14514956 | Tang J, Carr RL, Chambers JE: The effects of repeated oral exposures to methyl parathion on rat brain cholinesterase and muscarinic receptors during postnatal development. Toxicol Sci. 2003 Dec;76(2):400-6. Epub 2003 Sep 26. This may result in differences in toxic signs and tolerance development after treatment of juvenile rats with methyl parathion (MPS), a dimethyl phosphorothionate, than after treatment with chlorpyrifos (CPS), a diethyl phosphorothionate. |
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| 16482470 | Abou-Donia MB, Khan WA, Dechkovskaia AM, Goldstein LB, Bullman SL, Abdel-Rahman A: In utero exposure to and chlorpyrifos alone, and in combination produces persistent sensorimotor deficits and Purkinje neuron loss in the cerebellum of adult offspring rats. Arch Toxicol. 2006 Sep;80(9):620-31. Epub 2006 Feb 16. The offspring at postnatal day (PND) 90 were evaluated for neurobehavioral performance, changes in the activity of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and neuropathological alterations in the brain. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17364862 | Kuca K, Jun D, Bajgar J: Currently used cholinesterase reactivators against nerve agent intoxication: comparison of their effectivity in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2007;30(1):31-40. In vitro comparison of reactivation efficacy of five currently used oximes - pralidoxime, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime, and HI-6 (at two concentrations: 10-5 and 10-3 M) - against acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) inhibited by six different nerve agents (VX, Russian VX, sarin, cyclosarin, tabun, soman) and organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos was the aim of this study. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15888665 | Quistad GB, Klintenberg R, Casida JE: Blood acylpeptide hydrolase activity is a sensitive marker for exposure to some organophosphate toxicants. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Aug;86(2):291-9. Epub 2005 May 11. The most potent in vitro inhibitors for human erythrocyte and mouse brain APH are DFP (IC (50) 11-17 nM), chlorpyrifos oxon (IC (50) 21-71 nM), dichlorvos (IC (50) 230-560 nM), naled (IC (50) 370-870 nM), and their analogs with modified alkyl substituents. (3) H-diisopropyl fluorophosphate is a potent inhibitor of mouse blood and brain APH in vivo (ED (50) 0.09-0.2 mg/kg and 0.02-0.03 mg/l for ip and vapor exposure, respectively). Mouse blood and brain APH and blood butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are of similar sensitivity to DFP in vitro and in vivo (ip and vapor exposure), but APH inhibition is much more persistent in vivo (still > 80% inhibition after 4 days). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15659565 | Carvajal F, Sanchez-Amate MC, Sanchez-Santed F, Cubero I: Neuroanatomical targets of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos by c-fos immunolabeling. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Apr;84(2):360-7. Epub 2005 Jan 19. In addition, locomotor behavior and cerebral cholinesterase level were evaluated. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12767693 | Kousba AA, Poet TS, Timchalk C: Characterization of the in vitro kinetic interaction of chlorpyrifos-oxon with rat salivary cholinesterase: a potential biomonitoring matrix. Toxicology. 2003 Jun 30;188(2-3):219-32. |
85(1,1,1,5) | Details |
| 12521672 | Richardson J, Chambers J: Effects of gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos on postnatal central and peripheral cholinergic neurochemistry. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2003 Feb 14;66(3):275-89. These results indicate that gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos results in relatively persistent inhibition of brain cholinesterase and a delayed depression of choline acetyltransferase at a time when brain cholinesterase activity had returned to control levels in the high-dosage group. |
84(1,1,1,4) | Details |
| 10429680 | Clegg DJ, van Gemert M: Determination of the reference dose for chlorpyrifos: proceedings of an expert panel. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 1999 Jul-Sep;2(3):211-55. The most sensitive effect observed in the body of animal and human studies on chlorpyrifos is the inhibition of the various cholinesterases. |
84(1,1,1,4) | Details |
| 18072155 | Mohammad FK, Alias AS, Ahmed OA: Electrometric measurement of plasma, erythrocyte, and whole blood cholinesterase activities in healthy human volunteers. J Med Toxicol. 2007 Mar;3(1):25-30. Using the modified electrometric method, various percentages of cholinesterase inhibitions in the plasma, erythrocytes, and whole blood were detected after in vitro addition of the organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos and methidathion) and the insecticide (carbaryl) to the reaction mixtures. |
47(0,1,2,12) | Details |
| 18576221 | Picco EJ, Fernandez HR, David DC, San Andres MI, Boggio JC, Rodriguez C: Use of cholinesterase activity in monitoring chlorpyrifos exposure of steer cattle after topical administration. J Environ Sci Health B. 2008 Jun;43(5):405-9. The aim of this work was to study the pharmacokinetic behavior and the inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in steer cattle after pour-on administration. |
39(0,1,2,4) | Details |
| 1375016 | Vasilic Z, Drevenkar V, Rumenjak V, Stengl B, Frobe Z: Urinary excretion of diethylphosphorus metabolites in persons poisoned by quinalphos or chlorpyrifos. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1992 May;22(4):351-7. The urinary excretion rates of diethyl and diethyl phosphorothioate and changes in blood cholinesterase activities were studied in fifteen persons self-poisoned either by the organophosphorus pesticide quinalphos (twelve persons) or by chlorpyrifos (three persons). |
8(0,0,1,3) | Details |
| 10387928 | Hunter DL, Lassiter TL, Padilla S: Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: comparative distribution of trichloropyridinol in the fetus and dam. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Jul 1;158(1):16-23. Chlorpyrifos (O,O'-diethyl O-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl] phosphorothionate) is a commonly used anticholinesterase insecticide, and therefore the potential for human exposure is high. |
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| 20211614 | Sogorb MA, Vilanova E: Serum albumins and detoxication of anti-cholinesterase agents. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Mar 6. Serum albumin displays an esterase activity that is capable of hydrolysing the anti-cholinesterase compounds carbaryl, paraoxon, chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon and O-hexyl, O-2,5-dichlorphenyl phosphoramidate. |
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| 17726623 | Pathiratne A, Chandrasekera LW, De Seram PK: Effects of biological and technical factors on brain and muscle cholinesterases in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: implications for biomonitoring contaminations. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008 Feb;54(2):309-17. Response of the ChE of sexually mature males to chlorpyrifos exposure was similar to that of females. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 8727219 | Nagayama M, Akahori F, Chiwata H, Shirai M, Motoya M, Masaoka T, Sakaguchi K: Effects of selected organophosphate insecticides on serum cholinesterase isoenzyme patterns in the rat. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1996 Jun;38(3):196-9. The effects of organophosphates (fenthion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, bromophos, propaphos, haloxon, and DFP) on serum ChE isoenzyme bands were studied in 32 male and 32 female 6-w-old Sprague-Dawley rats. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 17324630 | Corsi I, Pastore AM, Lodde A, Palmerini E, Castagnolo L, Focardi S: Potential role of cholinesterases in the invasive capacity of the freshwater bivalve, Anodonta woodiana (Bivalvia: Unionacea): a comparative study with the indigenous species of the genus, Anodonta sp. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;145(3):413-9. Epub 2007 Feb 1. Calculated IC (50) for fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos was in the range 10 (-6)-10 (-3) M in muscle of A. woodiana while a higher inhibition was observed for fenitrothion (10 (-7) M) and lower for chlorpyrifos (10 (-2) M) in the indigenous species Anodonta sp. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 16978018 | Nomura DK, Durkin KA, Chiang KP, Quistad GB, Cravatt BF, Casida JE: Serine hydrolase KIAA1363: toxicological and structural features with emphasis on organophosphate interactions. Chem Res Toxicol. 2006 Sep;19(9):1142-50. Serine hydrolase KIAA1363 is highly expressed in invasive cancer cells and is the major protein in mouse brain diethylphosphorylated by and hydrolyzing low levels of chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) (the activated metabolite of a major insecticide). KIAA1363 gene deletion using homologous recombination reduces CPO binding, hydrolysis, and metabolism 3-29-fold on incubation with brain membranes and homogenates determined with 1 nM [(3) H-ethyl] CPO and the inhibitory potency for residual CPO with butyrylcholinesterase as a biomarker. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12011491 | Carr RL, Richardson JR, Guarisco JA, Kachroo A, Chambers JE, Couch TA, Durunna GC, Meek EC: Effects of PCB exposure on the toxic impact of organophosphorus insecticides. Toxicol Sci. 2002 Jun;67(2):311-21. Rats were then injected, ip, with corn oil, parathion (P=S), methyl parathion (MP=S), chlorpyrifos (C=S), paraoxon (P=O), methyl paraoxon (MP=O), or chlorpyrifos-oxon (C=O). Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was determined in the medulla-pons, hippocampus, corpus striatum, cerebral cortex, skeletal muscle, lung, and heart at 2 and 24 h post exposure. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 20021020 | Das GP, Jamil K, Rahman MF: Effect of four organophosphorus compounds on human blood acetylcholinesterase: in vitro studies. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2006;16(8):455-9. The aim of the study was to determine the IC50 concentration of the pesticides monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and acephate as inhibitors of AChE. Cholinesterase was spectrophotometrically measured using acetylthiocholine iodide (AChI) as substrate and dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) as the coloring agent using different aliquots of the pesticides. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11307850 | Won YK, Liu J, Olivier K Jr, Zheng Q, Pope CN: Age-related effects of chlorpyrifos on release in rat brain. . Neurotoxicology. 2001 Feb;22(1):39-48. Cortical and striatal slices were prelabeled with [3H] chloride, superfused in the presence or absence of the anticholinesterase physostigmine (PHY, 20 microM) and stimulated twice (S1 and S2) with a high concentration of potassium chloride (20 mM). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12706752 | Rowsey PJ, Metzger BL, Carlson J, Gordon CJ: Effects of exercise conditioning on thermoregulatory responses to repeated administration of chlorpyrifos. Environ Res. 2003 May;92(1):27-34. Exercise training was also associated with a more rapid recovery of plasma cholinesterase activity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18355640 | Slotkin TA, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ: Developmental neurotoxicity of low dose diazinon exposure of neonatal rats: effects on systems in adolescence and adulthood. Brain Res Bull. 2008 Mar 28;75(5):640-7. Epub 2007 Nov 12. This pattern differed substantially from that seen in earlier work with another organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, which at pharmacodynamically similar doses spanning the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition, evoked a much more substantial, global upregulation of 5HT receptor expression; with chlorpyrifos, effects on receptors were seen in females, albeit to a lesser extent than in males, and were also regionally distinct. |
84(1,1,1,4) | Details |
| 16260018 | Kacham R, Karanth S, Baireddy P, Liu J, Pope C: Interactive toxicity of chlorpyrifos and parathion in neonatal rats: role of esterases in exposure sequence-dependent toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 1;210(1-2):142-9. Epub 2005 Nov 2. Similar sequence-dependent differences in brain cholinesterase inhibition were also noted with lower binary exposures to chlorpyrifos (2 mg/kg) and parathion (0.35 mg/kg). |
84(1,1,1,4) | Details |
| 18655824 | Heilmair R, Eyer F, Eyer P: Enzyme-based assay for quantification of chlorpyrifos oxon in human plasma. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Sep;181(1):19-24. Epub 2008 Jul 5. Chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) is the active metabolite of the pesticide chlorpyrifos that inhibits cholinesterases at high reaction rates. |
83(1,1,1,3) | Details |
| 17705658 | Aamodt S, Konestabo HS, Sverdrup LE, Gudbrandsen M, Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ, Stenersen J: Recovery of cholinesterase activity in the earthworm Eisenia fetida Savigny following exposure to chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 Sep;26(9):1963-7. After transfer to clean soil, we monitored two cholinesterases (E1 and E2) and chlorpyrifos content of the earthworms for 12 weeks. |
38(0,1,2,3) | Details |
| 11875622 | Ashry KM, Abu-Qare AW, Saleem FR, Hussein YA, Hamza SM, Kishk AM, Abou-Donia MB: Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzymes following a single oral dose of chlorpyrifos in rats. Arch Toxicol. 2002 Feb;76(1):30-9. Epub 2001 Dec 18. |
38(0,1,1,8) | Details |
| 1375401 | Pope CN, Chakraborti TK: Dose-related inhibition of brain and plasma cholinesterase in neonatal and adult rats following sublethal organophosphate exposures. Toxicology. 1992;73(1):35-43. The present study examined dose-related inhibition of both brain and plasma cholinesterase activity in neonatal and adult rats exposed to sublethal doses of one of three common OP pesticides, methyl parathion, parathion and chlorpyrifos. |
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| 18617161 | Jun D, Musilova L, Kuca K, Kassa J, Bajgar J: Potency of several oximes to reactivate human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by paraoxon in vitro. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 Sep 25;175(1-3):421-4. Epub 2008 May 7. Organophosphorus pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, malathion, and parathion) and nerve agents (sarin, tabun, and VX) are highly toxic organophosphorus compounds with strong inhibition potency against two key enzymes in the human body-acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; EC 3.1.1.8). |
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| 16081522 | Padilla S, Marshall RS, Hunter DL, Oxendine S, Moser VC, Southerland SB, Mailman RB: Neurochemical effects of chronic dietary and repeated high-level acute exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Nov;88(1):161-71. Epub 2005 Aug 4. To that end, adult male rats were fed an anticholinesterase insecticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), for 1 year at three levels of dietary exposure: 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg/day (0+oil, 1+oil, and 5+oil). |
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| 20000004 | Ghedira J, Jebali J, Bouraoui Z, Banni M, Chouba L, Boussetta H: Acute effects of chlorpyryphos-ethyl and secondary treated effluents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in Carcinus maenas. J Environ Sci. 2009;21(10):1467-72. The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (Dursban) and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent (STIUE) exposure on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. |
8(0,0,1,3) | Details |
| 17141929 | Marable BR, Maurissen JP, Mattsson JL, Billington R: Differential sensitivity of blood, peripheral, and central cholinesterases in beagle dogs following dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;47(3):240-8. Epub 2006 Dec 4. |
8(0,0,1,3) | Details |
| 20045489 | Vejares SG, Sabat P, Sanchez-Hernandez JC: Tissue-specific inhibition and recovery of esterase activities in Lumbricus terrestris experimentally exposed to chlorpyrifos. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Apr;151(3):351-9. Epub 2010 Jan 5. Exposure and effect assessment of organophosphate (OP) pesticides generally involves the use of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. |
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| 16704049 | Scholz NL, Truelove NK, Labenia JS, Baldwin DH, Collier TK: Dose-additive inhibition of chinook salmon acetylcholinesterase activity by mixtures of organophosphate and insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006 May;25(5):1200-7. Anticholinesterase insecticides commonly co-occur in the environment. We extracted AChE from the olfactory nervous system of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and investigated the inhibitory effects of organophosphates (the oxon derivatives of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and malathion) and carbamates (carbaryl and carbofuran), alone and in two-way combinations. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 17218044 | Sparling DW, Fellers G: Comparative toxicity of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and their oxon derivatives to larval Rana boylii. Environ Pollut. 2007 Jun;147(3):535-9. Epub 2007 Jan 9. They deactivate cholinesterase, resulting in neurological dysfunction. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 15772369 | Canadas F, Cardona D, Davila E, Sanchez-Santed F: Long-term neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: spatial learning impairment on repeated acquisition in a water maze. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Jun;85(2):944-51. Epub 2005 Mar 16. Organophosphate compounds are cholinesterase inhibitors widely used in agriculture, industry, household products, and even as chemical weapons. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11876500 | Zhang H, Liu J, Pope CN: Age-related effects of chlorpyrifos on muscarinic receptor-mediated signaling in rat cortex. Arch Toxicol. 2002 Jan;75(11-12):676-84. Under these conditions, relatively similar maximal degrees of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition were noted, but times to peak inhibition varied among these age groups (24 h in neonates and juveniles, 96 h in adults). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18468882 | Teller C, Halamek J, Zeravik J, Stocklein WF, Scheller FW: Development of a bifunctional sensor using haptenized acetylcholinesterase and application for the detection of cocaine and organophosphates. Biosens Bioelectron. 2008 Sep 15;24(1):111-7. Epub 2008 Apr 1. The organophosphate chlorpyrifos-oxon could be detected in concentrations from 10 (-6) down to 10 (-8) M after 20 min of injection time (equals to 500 microL sample volume. Furthermore it was also shown that other cocaine-binding enzymes, e.g., butyrylcholinesterase, can bind to the modified BZE-AChE. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 20350597 | Middlemore-Risher ML, Buccafusco JJ, Terry AV Jr: Repeated exposures to low-level chlorpyrifos results in impairments in sustained attention and increased impulsivity in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2010 Mar 26. Deficits in 5-CSRTT accuracy were apparent well into the 30 day washout period despite significant recovery of cholinesterase activity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16243304 | Casida JE, Quistad GB: Serine hydrolase targets of organophosphorus toxicants. Chem Biol Interact. 2005 Dec 15;157-158:277-83. Epub 2005 Oct 21. The toxicological relevance of known secondary OP targets is established mainly from observations with humans (butyrylcholinesterase and neuropathy target esterase-lysophospholipase) and studies with mice (cannabinoid CB1 receptor, carboxylesterase, lysophospholipase and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase) and hen eggs (arylformamidase or kynurenine formamidase). Pesticides most commonly shown to inhibit these targets in experimental vertebrates are chlorpyrifos and tribufos. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16243090 | Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Mohamed F, Senarathna L, von Meyer L, Juszczak E, Hittarage A, Azhar S, Dissanayake W, Sheriff MH, Szinicz L, Dawson AH, Buckley NA: Differences between organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2005 Oct 22-28;366(9495):1452-9. METHODS: We prospectively studied 802 patients with chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, or fenthion self-poisoning admitted to three hospitals. Blood cholinesterase activity and insecticide concentration were measured to determine the compound and the patients' response to insecticide and therapy. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17107865 | Barr DB, Angerer J: Potential uses of biomonitoring data: a case study using the organophosphorus pesticides chlorpyrifos and malathion. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov;114(11):1763-9. For assessing early effects and susceptibility, cholinesterase and microsomal esterase activities, respectively, have been measured. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18158111 | Roegge CS, Timofeeva OA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED: Developmental diazinon neurotoxicity in rats: later effects on emotional response. Brain Res Bull. 2008 Jan 31;75(1):166-72. Epub 2007 Sep 24. Developmental exposure to the organophosphorus pesticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon (DZN) alters serotonergic synaptic function at doses below the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition, however there are some indications that the two agents may differ in several important attributes. |
83(1,1,1,3) | Details |
| 18394709 | Timchalk C, Poet TS: Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to determine dosimetry and cholinesterase inhibition for a binary mixture of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the rat. Neurotoxicology. 2008 May;29(3):428-43. Epub 2008 Mar 10. |
83(1,1,1,3) | Details |
| 11712994 | Boone JS, Tyler JW, Chambers JE: Transferable residues from dog fur and plasma cholinesterase inhibition in dogs treated with a flea control dip containing chlorpyrifos. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Nov;109(11):1109-14. |
82(1,1,1,2) | Details |
| 18703558 | Carr RL, Nail CA: Effect of different administration paradigms on cholinesterase inhibition following repeated chlorpyrifos exposure in late preweanling rats. Toxicol Sci. 2008 Nov;106(1):186-92. Epub 2008 Aug 14. |
82(1,1,1,2) | Details |
| 17035140 | Slotkin TA, Tate CA, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ: Organophosphate insecticides target the serotonergic system in developing rat brain regions: disparate effects of diazinon and parathion at doses spanning the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct;114(10):1542-6. RESULTS: Diazinon evoked up-regulation of 5HT1A and 5HT2 receptor expression even at doses devoid of effects on cholinesterase activity, a pattern similar to that seen earlier for another organophosphate, chlorpyrifos. |
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| 10602389 | Sams C, Mason HJ: Detoxification of organophosphates by A-esterases in human serum. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1999 Nov;18(11):653-8. Data from both the direct spectrophotometric measurement of A-esterase activity and inhibition of serum cholinesterase in the presence and absence of A-esterase activity indicated that human serum A-esterase catalysed detoxification of chlorpyrifos-oxon> paraoxon> malaoxon. |
34(0,1,1,4) | Details |
| 16777161 | Karanth S, Liu J, Mirajkar N, Pope C: Effects of acute chlorpyrifos exposure on in vivo accumulation in rat striatum. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Oct 1;216(1):150-6. Epub 2006 Jun 13. This study examined the acute effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on cholinesterase inhibition and levels in the striatum of freely moving rats using in vivo microdialysis. |
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| 10544056 | Das KP, Barone S Jr: Neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells is inhibited by chlorpyrifos and its metabolites: is acetylcholinesterase inhibition the site of action?. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Nov 1;160(3):217-30. Results indicated that (1) in controls, both total ChE and AChE activities were significantly increased in NGF-primed PC12 cells compared to NGF-unprimed cells, while the basal expression of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was much lower (1.3-7% of total ChE activity) in either the presence or the absence of NGF; (2) an increase in AChE activity was highly correlated (r (2) = 0.99) with the extension of neurite outgrowth, suggesting a link between the expression of AChE activity and the elaboration of neurite outgrowth; (3) NGF increased neurite outgrowth in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; and (4) either chlorpyrifos (CPF) or its metabolites (CPF oxon and TCP) inhibited NGF-induced neurite outgrowth (branches per cell, fragments per cell, total neurite outgrowth per cell) in PC12 cells. |
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| 15620756 | Rendon-von Osten J, Ortiz-Arana A, Guilhermino L, Soares AM: In vivo evaluation of three biomarkers in the mosquitofish (Gambusia yucatana) exposed to pesticides. Chemosphere. 2005 Feb;58(5):627-36. In this study, the acute toxicity and the in vivo effects of commercial chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and formulations on cholinesterase (ChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of the mosquitofish (Gambusia yucatana) were investigated. |
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| 16114464 | Tilak KS, Veeraiah K, Rao DK: The effect of Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate in acetyl cholinesterase activity in freshwater fishes. J Environ Biol. 2005 Jan;26(1):73-7. |
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| 10582355 | Moriya F, Hashimoto Y: Comparative studies on tissue distributions of organophosphorus, and organochlorine pesticides in decedents intoxicated with these chemicals. J Forensic Sci. 1999 Nov;44(6):1131-5. This paper describes the tissue distributions of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphorothioate, methomyl, a and endrin, an organochlorine, in three individuals (Cases 1-3) who died after ingesting insecticidal preparations containing these chemicals. The serum cholinesterase activity was 3 IU/L/37 degrees C. |
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| 15081274 | Vidair CA: Age dependence of organophosphate and neurotoxicity in the postnatal rat: extrapolation to the human. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Apr 15;196(2):287-302. Because these compounds probably exert their effects through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the above question can be narrowed to whether the cholinesterase inhibition and neurotoxicity they produce is age-dependent, both in terms of the effects produced and potency. Four pesticides were tested in rat pups in their third postnatal week: aldicarb, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and methamidophos. |
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| 11876466 | Rowsey PJ, Metzger BL, Gordon CJ: Effects of exercise conditioning on thermoregulatory response to anticholinesterase insecticide toxicity. Biol Res Nurs. 2001 Apr;2(4):267-76. Chronic exercise conditioning has been shown to alter basal thermoregulatory processes (change in thermoregulatory set point) as well as the response to infectious fever Chlorpyrifos (CHP), an organophosphate insecticide, also affects thermoregulation, causing an acute period of hypothermia followed by a delayed fever. |
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| 19949736 | Kang EJ, Seok SJ, Lee KH, Gil HW, Yang JO, Lee EY, Hong SY: Factors for determining survival in acute organophosphate poisoning. Korean J Intern Med. 2009 Dec;24(4):362-7. Epub 2009 Nov 27. The mortality was 0% for dichlorvos, malathion, chlorpyrifos and profenofos. We investigated patient survival according to initial parameters, including the initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, serum cholinesterase level, and hemoperfusion and evaluated the mortality according to organophosphate types. |
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| 11675126 | Navarro HA, Basta PV, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Neonatal chlorpyrifos administration elicits deficits in immune function in adulthood: a neural effect?. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2001 Oct 24;130(2):249-52. CPF administration leads to inhibition of cholinesterase, and a cholinergic connection is supported by the fact that the results seen here correspond to those seen with a direct cholinergic stimulant administered during gestation or adolescence. |
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| 10876443 | Dillard M, Webb J: Administration of succinylcholine for electroconvulsive therapy after organophosphate poisoning: a case study. AANA J. 1999 Dec;67(6):513-7. Dursban is a commercially prepared organophosphate insecticide in which the active ingredient is chlorpyrifos in a petroleum distillate solvent. Cholinesterase levels were low on admission at 5,780 IU (reference range, 11,000-15,000), yet succinylcholine was used successfully at low doses. |
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| 1378635 | Pope CN, Chakraborti TK, Chapman ML, Farrar JD: Long-term neurochemical and behavioral effects induced by acute chlorpyrifos treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1992 Jun;42(2):251-6. A single dose of the organophosphate insecticide O,O'-diethyl-O-3,5,6- trichloro-2-pyridylphosphorothioate [chlorpyrifos (CPF), 279 mg/kg, SC] caused extensive inhibition of cortical and striatal cholinesterase (ChE) activity in adult rats at 2 (94-96%), 4 (82-83%), and 6 (58-60%) weeks after treatment. |
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| 14565584 | Phillips TA, Summerfelt RC, Wu J, Laird DA: Toxicity of chlorpyrifos adsorbed on humic colloids to larval walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003 Aug;45(2):258-63. Cholinesterase inhibition of larval walleye exposed to chlorpyrifos-HA complexes was similar to the ChE inhibition observed in larval walleye exposed to chlorpyrifos in the aqueous phase. |
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| 10696792 | Mattsson JL, Maurissen JP, Nolan RJ, Brzak KA: Lack of differential sensitivity to cholinesterase inhibition in fetuses and neonates compared to dams treated perinatally with chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Feb;53(2):438-46. |
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| 17018647 | Kousba AA, Poet TS, Timchalk C: Age-related brain cholinesterase inhibition kinetics following in vitro incubation with chlorpyrifos-oxon and diazinon-oxon. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jan;95(1):147-55. Epub 2006 Oct 3. |
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| 7509414 | Chaudhuri J, Chakraborti TK, Chanda S, Pope CN: Differential modulation of organophosphate-sensitive muscarinic receptors in rat brain by parathion and chlorpyrifos. J Biochem Toxicol. 1993 Dec;8(4):207-16. We previously reported similar levels of brain cholinesterase inhibition but marked differences in toxicity following acute maximum tolerated doses of the organophosphate pesticides parathion and chlorpyrifos. |
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| 18335101 | Slotkin TA, Bodwell BE, Levin ED, Seidler FJ: Neonatal exposure to low doses of diazinon: long-term effects on neural cell development and systems. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Mar;116(3):340-8. The patterns seen here differ substantially from those seen in earlier work with chlorpyrifos, reinforcing the concept that the various organophosphates have fundamentally different effects on the developmental trajectories of specific neurotransmitter systems, unrelated to their shared action as cholinesterase inhibitors. |
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| 14600285 | Betancourt AM, Carr RL: The effect of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon on brain cholinesterase, muscarinic receptor binding, and neurotrophin levels in rats following early postnatal exposure. Toxicol Sci. 2004 Jan;77(1):63-71. Epub 2003 Nov 4. |
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| 9620094 | Geller AM, Abdel-Rahman AA, Peiffer RL, Abou-Donia MB, Boyes WK: The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos affects form deprivation myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Jun;39(7):1290-4. PURPOSE: The effects of the anti-cholinesterase organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the refractive development of the eye were examined. |
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| 14600274 | Richardson JR, Chambers JE: Neurochemical effects of repeated gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos in developing rats. Toxicol Sci. 2004 Jan;77(1):83-90. Epub 2003 Nov 4. The neurochemical effects in developing rats exposed during gestation to the anticholinesterase organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPS) were determined. |
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| 17532548 | Xuereb B, Noury P, Felten V, Garric J, Geffard O: Cholinesterase activity in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea Amphipoda): characterization and effects of chlorpyrifos. Toxicology. 2007 Jul 17;236(3):178-89. Epub 2007 Apr 24. |
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| 18448174 | Widder PD, Bidwell JR: Tadpole size, cholinesterase activity, and swim speed in four frog species after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Aquat Toxicol. 2008 Jun 2;88(1):9-18. Epub 2008 Feb 23. |
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| 16085351 | Salles JB, Cunha Bastos VL, Silva Filho MV, Machado OL, Salles CM, Giovanni de Simone S, Cunha Bastos J: A novel butyrylcholinesterase from serum of Leporinus macrocephalus, a Neotropical fish. Biochimie. 2006 Jan;88(1):59-68. Epub 2005 Jul 12. |
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| 14555401 | Abdel-Rahman A, Dechkovskaia A, Mehta-Simmons H, Guan X, Khan W, Abou-Donia M: Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in cerebellum and hippocampus: differential effects on neonatal brain regional acetylcholinesterase following maternal exposure to combined chlorpyrifos and J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2003 Nov 14;66(21):2047-66. On PND 7, there was a significant increase in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in pups from - and chlorpyrifos-treated dams, whereas plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity was significantly elevated in pups of mothers treated with either chlorpyrifos alone or pesticide combined with |
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| 19674799 | Tryfonos M, Papaefthimiou C, Antonopoulou E, Theophilidis G: Comparing the inhibitory effects of five protoxicant organophosphates (azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, chlorpyriphos-methyl, methamidophos and diazinon) on the spontaneously beating auricle of Sparus aurata: an in vitro study. Aquat Toxicol. 2009 Sep 14;94(3):211-8. Epub 2009 Jul 16. In a previous pilot study, the anticholinesterase effects of paraoxon on the heart of Sparus aurata were examined [Tryfonos, M., Antonopoulou, E., Papaefthimiou, C., Chaleplis, G., Theophilidis, G., 2009. |
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| 8642625 | Wilson BW, Padilla S, Henderson JD, Brimijoin S, Dass PD, Elliot G, Jaeger B, Lanz D, Pearson R, Spies R: Factors in standardizing automated cholinesterase assays. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1996 Jun 7;48(2):187-95. |
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| 12417480 | Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Padilla S, Slotkin TA: Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: what is the vulnerable period?. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Nov;110(11):1097-103. Indices of cell packing density (DNA per gram of tissue) and cell number (DNA content) similarly showed effects only on the liver; however, there were significant changes in the protein/DNA ratio, an index of cell size, in fetal brain regions at doses as low as 1 mg/kg, below the threshold for inhibition of fetal brain cholinesterase (2 mg/kg). |
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| 12942229 | Ivanov A, Evtugyn G, Budnikov H, Ricci F, Moscone D, Palleschi G: Cholinesterase sensors based on screen-printed electrodes for detection of organophosphorus and carbamic pesticides. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003 Oct;377(4):624-31. Epub 2003 Aug 26. |
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| 15180375 | Printes LB, Callaghan A: A comparative study on the relationship between acetylcholinesterase activity and acute toxicity in Daphnia magna exposed to anticholinesterase insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2004 May;23(5):1241-7. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in Daphnia magna that had been exposed to four organophosphates (OPs; parathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and acephate) and one (propoxur) for 48 h. |
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| 17702992 | Sultatos LG: Concentration-dependent binding of chlorpyrifos oxon to acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Nov;100(1):128-35. Epub 2007 Aug 16. However, more recent studies have suggested that the interactions of certain anticholinesterase organophosphates with acetylcholinesterase are more complex than previously thought since their inhibitory capacity has been noted to change as a function of inhibitor concentration. |
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| 16237519 | Berman-Shlomovich T, Wormser U, Brodsky B: Toxic serum factor long after single exposure to organophosphate; a new approach for biomonitoring. Arch Toxicol. 2006 May;80(5):269-74. Epub 2005 Oct 20. The procedure included exposure of neuronal PC12 cell cultures to sera of rats treated once with the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. This effect lasted 6 weeks after treatment, whereas motor activity and cholinesterase activity returned to normal levels within 1 week. |
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| 10229709 | Slotkin TA: Developmental cholinotoxicants: and chlorpyrifos. . Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Feb;107 Suppl 1:71-80. We have tested this hypothesis in vitro with PC12 cells, which lack the enzymes necessary to produce chlorpyrifos oxon, the metabolite that inhibits cholinesterase. |
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| 12143930 | Varo I, Navarro JC, Amat F, Guilhermino L: Characterisation of cholinesterases and evaluation of the inhibitory potential of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos to Artemia salina and Artemia parthenogenetica. Chemosphere. 2002 Aug;48(6):563-9. |
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| 7518512 | Bushnell PJ, Kelly KL, Ward TR: Repeated inhibition of cholinesterase by chlorpyrifos in rats: behavioral, neurochemical and pharmacological indices of tolerance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994 Jul;270(1):15-25. |
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| 16343727 | Timchalk C, Poet TS, Kousba AA: Age-dependent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response in preweanling rats following oral exposure to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos. Toxicology. 2006 Mar 1;220(1):13-25. Epub 2005 Dec 15. Previous studies have indicated that juvenile rats are more susceptible than adults to the acute toxicity from exposure to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and age-dependent differences in metabolism and sensitivity to cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition may be responsible. |
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| 9336338 | Cohn J, MacPhail RC: Chlorpyrifos produces selective learning deficits in rats working under a schedule of repeated acquisition and performance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Oct;283(1):312-20. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphate pesticide used extensively to treat crops and domestic animals. |
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| 8954750 | Abou-Donia MB, Wilmarth KR, Abdel-Rahman AA, Jensen KF, Oehme FW, Kurt TL: Increased neurotoxicity following concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and chlorpyrifos. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1996 Dec;34(2):201-22. Severe inhibition of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was produced in hens treated with PB (activity 17% of control) compared to those treated with chlorpyrifos (activity 51% of control) or DEET (activity 83% of control). |
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| 8742317 | Boone JS, Chambers JE: Time course of inhibition of cholinesterase and aliesterase activities, and nonprotein sulfhydryl levels following exposure to organophosphorus insecticides in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1996 Feb;29(2):202-7. Cholinesterase (ChE) in brain and muscle was quickly inhibited during a 48-hr in vivo exposure to chlorpyrifos (0.1 ppm), parathion (0.15 ppm), and methyl parathion (8 ppm) in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). |
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| 19763618 | Lee JC, Lin KL, Lin JJ, Hsia SH, Wu CT: Non-accidental chlorpyrifos poisoning-an unusual cause of profound unconsciousness. Eur J Pediatr. 2010 Apr;169(4):509-11. Epub 2009 Sep 8. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus anticholinesterase insecticide, and organophosphate intoxication can induce symptoms such as miosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis, lacrimation, excitation of central nervous system, salivation, and consciousness disturbance (MUDDLES). |
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| 15178060 | Corsi I, Bonacci S, Santovito G, Chiantore M, Castagnolo L, Focardi S: Cholinesterase activities in the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki: tissue expression and effect of ZnCl2 exposure. Mar Environ Res. 2004 Aug-Dec;58(2-5):401-6. The digestive gland, gills and adductor muscle were investigated for substrate specificity and inhibitors sensitivity using acetylthiocholine iodide (ASCh) and butyrylthiocholine iodide (BSCh) as substrates and tetra (monoisopropyl) pyrophosphor-tetramide (Iso-OMPA), 1,5-bis (4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)-penthan-3-one dibromide (BW284c51) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos as inhibitors. |
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| 15183016 | Slotkin TA: Guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity and their impact on organophosphate pesticides: a personal view from an academic perspective. Neurotoxicology. 2004 Jun;25(4):631-40. Recent work on organophosphate pesticides (OPs) such as chlorpyrifos (CPF) illustrate this dichotomy. Originally, OPs were thought to affect brain development through their ability to elicit cholinesterase inhibition and consequent cholinergic hyperstimulation. |
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| 12482234 | Haux JE, Lockridge O, Casida JE: Specificity of ethephon as a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor and phosphorylating agent. Chem Res Toxicol. 2002 Dec;15(12):1527-33. The present study tests this hypothesis directly using [(33) P] ethephon and recombinant BChE (rBChE) with single amino acid substitutions and further evaluates if BChE is the most sensitive esterase target in vitro and with mice in vivo. [(33) P] Ethephon labels purified rBChE but not enzymatically inactive diethylphosphoryl-rBChE (derivatized at S198 by preincubation with chlorpyrifos oxon) or several other esterases and proteins. |
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| 7689103 | Dawson MA, Renfro JL: Interaction of structurally similar pesticides with organic anion transport by primary cultures of winter flounder renal proximal tubule. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Aug;266(2):673-7. The anticholinesterase insecticide phosphothioic acid O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl ester), its more active metabolite O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) and its dimethyl analog, phosphothioic acid O,O-dimethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl ester) were tested at 0.1 mM. |
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| 11106864 | Moser VC: Dose-response and time-course of neurobehavioral changes following oral chlorpyrifos in rats of different ages. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2000 Sep-Oct;22(5):713-23. Although these doses had been shown previously to produce a similar degree of cholinesterase inhibition, the neurobehavioral alterations fell into the following three patterns of effect as a function of age. (1) Some endpoints (e.g., gait abnormalities, tremor) showed a dose-response curve that was shifted to the right in the older animals. |
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| 20020887 | Geter DR, Kan HL, Lowe ER, Rick DL, Charles GD, Gollapudi BB, Mattsson JL: Investigations of oxidative stress, antioxidant response, and protein binding in chlorpyrifos exposed rat neuronal PC12 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2008;18(1):17-23. In addition to its known properties of cholinesterase inhibition, the production of reactive species (ROS) has been suggested as a possible toxic mechanism. |
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| 10355543 | Jett DA, Navoa RV, Lyons MA Jr: Additive inhibitory action of chlorpyrifos and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Apr 12;105(3):223-9. These data suggest that some PAHs have anticholinesterase activity, and contribute in an additive manner to the inhibitory effect of CPFO on AChE in vitro. |
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| 10548430 | Cao CJ, Mioduszewski RJ, Menking DE, Valdes JJ, Katz EJ, Eldefrawi ME, Eldefrawi AT: Cytotoxicity of organophosphate anticholinesterases. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1999 Oct;35(9):493-500. It is suggested that the former results from their cholinesterase inhibition, while the latter results from action on different targets and requires much higher concentrations. The insecticides parathion and chlorpyrifos stimulated hepatocyte metabolism but inhibited neuroblastoma cells. |
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| 16324744 | Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ: Biomarker response and biomass change of earthworms exposed to chlorpyrifos in microcosms. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007 Jan;66(1):92-101. Epub 2005 Dec 1. Earthworms were removed from the microcosms for biomarker tests: for cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition assays every week and for a neutral red retention determination 2 weeks after the exposures started. |
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| 7689099 | Bushnell PJ, Pope CN, Padilla S: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of acute chlorpyrifos in rats: tolerance to prolonged inhibition of cholinesterase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Aug;266(2):1007-17. |
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| 11757672 | Huff RA, Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB: Effects of sub-chronic in vivo chlorpyrifos exposure on muscarinic receptors and adenylate cyclase of rat striatum. Arch Toxicol. 2001 Oct;75(8):480-6. In this study dosing regimens were designed such that cholinesterase inhibition following exposure to chlorpyrifos was produced in one treatment group, but was absent in the other. |
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| 11298499 | Richardson JR, Chambers HW, Chambers JE: Analysis of the additivity of in vitro inhibition of cholinesterase by mixtures of chlorpyrifos-oxon and azinphos-methyl-oxon. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Apr 15;172(2):128-39. |
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| 15192859 | Timchalk C, Poet TS, Kousba AA, Campbell JA, Lin Y: Noninvasive biomonitoring approaches to determine dosimetry and risk following acute chemical exposure: analysis of lead or organophosphate insecticide in saliva. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Apr 23-May 28;67(8-10):635-50. In addition, saliva has recently been used to quantitate dosimetry following exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in a rodent model system by measuring the major metabolite, trichloropyridinol, and saliva cholinesterase inhibition following acute exposures. |
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| 9744565 | Amitai G, Moorad D, Adani R, Doctor BP: Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by chlorpyrifos-oxon. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Aug 1;56(3):293-9. |
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| 11881970 | Sachana M, Flaskos J, Nikolaidis E, Hargreaves A, Alexaki-Tzivanidou E: Inhibition of rat platelet uptake by chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001 Oct;89(4):195-200. In contrast, subacute chlorpyrifos exposure caused a 94.96% inhibition of AChE and a 85.8% inhibition of BuChE and, also, elicited a significant (35.02%) reduction in the platelet uptake of |
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| 8896566 | Davies HG, Richter RJ, Keifer M, Broomfield CA, Sowalla J, Furlong CE: The effect of the human serum paraoxonase polymorphism is reversed with diazoxon, soman and sarin. Nat Genet. 1996 Nov;14(3):334-6. The insecticides parathion, chlorpyrifos and diazinon are bioactivated to potent cholinesterase inhibitors by cytochrome P-450 systems. |
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| 15116371 | Albers JW, Garabrant DH, Schweitzer S, Garrison RP, Richardson RJ, Berent S: Absence of sensory neuropathy among workers with occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos. Muscle Nerve. 2004 May;29(5):677-86. Compared to referents, chlorpyrifos subjects had significantly longer duration of work in chlorpyrifos-exposed areas (9.72 vs. 0.01 years; P < 0.0001), greater cumulative chlorpyrifos exposure (64.16 vs. 0.69 mg/m (3). day; P < 0.0001), higher urine 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) excretion (108.6 vs. 4.3 microg/g P < 0.0001), and lower plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity (7281 vs. 8176 mU/ml; P = 0.003). |
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| 10931542 | Sancho JV, Pozo OJ, Hernandez F: Direct determination of chlorpyrifos and its main metabolite 3,5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in human serum and urine by coupled-column liquid chromatography/electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2000;14(16):1485-90. The validated procedures provide excellent tools for the specific assessment of occupational exposure to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos, throughout the analysis of both human serum and urine, and it is more selective and sensitive than the current assay based on the measurement of the decrease in the cholinesterase activity. |
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| 19290680 | Sparling DW, Fellers GM: Toxicity of two insecticides to California, USA, anurans and its relevance to declining amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009 Aug;28(8):1696-703. Epub 2009 Mar 16. Time to metamorphosis increased with concentration of chlorpyrifos in both species, and cholinesterase activity declined with exposure concentration in metamorphs of both species at Gosner stages 42 to 46. |
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| 11699775 | Booth LH, O'Halloran K: A comparison of biomarker responses in the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa to the organophosphorus insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001 Nov;20(11):2494-502. After a four-week exposure, juveniles were evaluated for cholinesterase activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, and growth, and adults were evaluated for the lysosomal neutral red retention assay (NRRA) and growth. |
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| 15587241 | Dalvi RR, Dalvi PS, Lane C: Cytochrome P450-mediated activation and toxicity of chlorpyrifos in male and female rats. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2004 Dec;46(6):297-9. In contrast, inhibition of plasma cholinesterase was significantly greater in females than males. |
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| 16962835 | Poyot T, Nachon F, Froment MT, Loiodice M, Wieseler S, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O, Masson P: Mutant of Bungarus fasciatus acetylcholinesterase with low affinity and low hydrolase activity toward organophosphorus esters. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Sep;1764(9):1470-8. Epub 2006 Aug 4. Bungarus fasciatus acetylcholinesterase (BfAChE) was engineered to acquire organophosphate hydrolase (OPase) activity by reproducing the features of the human butyrylcholinesterase G117H mutant, the first mutant designed to hydrolyse OPs. |
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| 18775593 | Laguerre C, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Kohler HR, Triebskorn R, Capowiez Y, Rault M, Mazzia C: B-type esterases in the snail Xeropicta derbentina: an enzymological analysis to evaluate their use as biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Environ Pollut. 2009 Jan;157(1):199-207. Epub 2008 Sep 4. Specific cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities were mainly obtained with acetylthiocholine (K (m)=77.2 mM; V (max)=38.2 mU/mg protein) and 1-naphthyl (K (m)=222 mM, V (max)=1095 mU/mg protein) substrates, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity was concentration-dependently inhibited by chlorpyrifos-oxon, dichlorvos, carbaryl and carbofuran (IC50=1.35x10 (-5)-3.80x10 (-8) M). |
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| 15647600 | Richardson JR, Chambers JE: Effects of repeated oral postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on cholinergic neurochemistry in developing rats. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Apr;84(2):352-9. Epub 2005 Jan 12. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity was significantly inhibited on PND 6, 12, 22, and 30, with maximum inhibition on PND 6 of 49 and 59% and recovering to 18 and 33% on PND 30 in the low and high dosage groups, respectively. |
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| 19293373 | Johnson FO, Chambers JE, Nail CA, Givaruangsawat S, Carr RL: Developmental chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion exposure alters radial-arm maze performance in juvenile and adult rats. Toxicol Sci. 2009 May;109(1):132-42. Epub 2009 Mar 17. Significant hippocampal cholinesterase inhibition was induced in all treatment groups for up to 19 days following exposure. |
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| 11158719 | Carr RL, Chambers HW, Guarisco JA, Richardson JR, Tang J, Chambers JE: Effects of repeated oral postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on open-field behavior in juvenile rats. Toxicol Sci. 2001 Feb;59(2):260-7. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition was about 25-38% on PND 25 and 14-34% on PND 30. |
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| 16249959 | Geller AM, Sutton LD, Marshall RS, Hunter DL, Madden V, Peiffer RL: Repeated spike exposure to the insecticide chlorpyrifos interferes with the recovery of visual sensitivity in rats. Doc Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan;110(1):79-90. Reports from Japan and India and data submissions to the US EPA indicate that exposure to cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting organophosphorous insecticides (OP) can produce ocular toxicity, in particular long-lasting changes in retinal physiology and anatomy. |
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