Protein Information

Name sodium channel (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Sodium channel

Compound Information

Name cyhalothrin
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
18076786 Eleftherianos I, Foster SP, Williamson MS, Denholm I: Characterization of the M918T sodium channel gene mutation associated with strong resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Bull Entomol Res. 2008 Apr;98(2):183-91. Epub 2007 Dec 13.

The resistance phenotype of M. persicae clones possessing various combinations of L1014F and M918T to a wide range of pyrethroids (both Type I and II) was assessed in leaf-dip bioassays and to lambda-cyhalothrin applied at up to ten times the recommended field rate as foliar sprays to aphids feeding on whole plants.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
9775598 Guerrero FD, Kunz SE, Kammlah D: Screening of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) populations for pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel gene mutations by using a polymerase chain reaction assay. J Med Entomol. 1998 Sep;35(5):710-5.

Laboratory and field populations were examined by both the PCR assay and conventional filter paper bioassays with the pyrethroid cyhalothrin to verify that populations containing greater proportions of individuals with the resistant sodium channel allele DNA sequence also had higher bioassay LC50 values.
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12349858 Guerrero FD, Alison MW Jr, Kammlah DM, Foil LD: Use of the polymerase chain reaction to investigate the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol. 2002 Sep;39(5):747-54.


Fly resistance was monitored by weekly fly counts, filter paper bioassays and diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the presence of pyrethroid resistance-associated mutations in the sodium channel gene coding region.
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18559312 Eleftherianos I, Foster SP, Williamson MS, Denholm I: Inheritance of L1014F and M918T sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Myzus persicae. Biol Lett. 2008 Oct 23;4(5):545-8.

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12680930 Brengues C, Hawkes NJ, Chandre F, McCarroll L, Duchon S, Guillet P, Manguin S, Morgan JC, Hemingway J: Pyrethroid and DDT cross-resistance in Aedes aegypti is correlated with novel mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Med Vet Entomol. 2003 Mar;17(1):87-94.

Direct neurophysiological assays on individual larvae from three strains with these mutations demonstrated reduced nerve sensitivity to permethrin or lambda cyhalothrin inhibition compared to the susceptible strains.
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16051293 Choi JS, Soderlund DM: Structure-activity relationships for the action of 11 pyrethroid insecticides on rat Na v 1.8 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Mar 15;211(3):233-44. Epub 2005 Jul 26.

This paper describes the action of 11 structurally diverse commercial pyrethroid insecticides on the rat Na v 1.8 sodium channel isoform, the principal carrier of the tetrodotoxin-resistant, pyrethroid-sensitive sodium current of sensory neurons, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
All 11 compounds produced characteristic sodium tail currents following a depolarizing pulse that ranged from rapidly-decaying monoexponential currents (allethrin, cismethrin and permethrin) to persistent biexponential currents (cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19766671 Breckenridge CB, Holden L, Sturgess N, Weiner M, Sheets L, Sargent D, Soderlund DM, Choi JS, Symington S, Clark JM, Burr S, Ray D: Evidence for a separate mechanism of toxicity for the Type I and the Type II pyrethroid insecticides. Neurotoxicology. 2009 Nov;30 Suppl 1:S17-31. Epub 2009 Sep 18.

Neurotoxicity and mechanistic data were collected for six alpha-cyano pyrethroids (beta-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) and up to six non-cyano containing pyrethroids (bifenthrin, S-bioallethrin [or allethrin], permethrin, pyrethrins, resmethrin [or its cis-isomer, cismethrin] and tefluthrin under standard conditions.
Factor analysis and multivariate dissimilarity analysis were employed to evaluate four independent data sets comprised of (1) fifty-six behavioral and physiological parameters from an acute neurotoxicity functional observatory battery (FOB), (2) eight electrophysiological parameters from voltage clamp experiments conducted on the Na (v) 1.8 sodium channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes, (3) indices of efficacy, potency and binding calculated for calcium ion influx across neuronal membranes, membrane depolarization and glutamate released from rat brain synaptosomes and (4) changes in chloride channel open state probability using a patch voltage clamp technique for membranes isolated from mouse neuroblastoma cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9443375 Guerrero FD, Jamroz RC, Kammlah D, Kunz SE: Toxicological and molecular characterization of pyrethroid-resistant horn flies, Haematobia irritans: identification of kdr and super-kdr point mutations. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Aug-Sep;27(8-9):745-55.

Two pyrethroid-resistant strains of horn flies were found to be 17- and 688-fold more resistant to permethrin and 17- and 11,300-fold more resistant to cyhalothrin than a susceptible control strain.
Using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a 0.9 kb fragment of the putative sodium channel gene from susceptible and resistant flies was cloned and sequenced.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16221961 Wolansky MJ, Gennings C, Crofton KM: Relative potencies for acute effects of pyrethroids on motor function in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Jan;89(1):271-7. Epub 2005 Oct 12.

A common mode-of-action has been proposed for pyrethroids based on in vitro studies, which includes alterations in sodium channel dynamics in nervous system tissues, consequent disturbance of membrane polarization, and abnormal discharge in targeted neurons.
Acute oral dose-response functions were determined in adult male Long Evans rats for five Type I (bifenthrin, S-bioallethrin, permethrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin), five Type II (beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate) and one mixed Type I/II (fenpropathrin) pyrethroids (n = 8-18 per dose; 6-11 dose levels per chemical, vehicle = corn oil, at 1 ml/kg).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19861644 DeMicco A, Cooper KR, Richardson JR, White LA: Developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Jan;113(1):177-86. Epub 2009 Oct 27.

Treatment with diazepam ameliorated the spasms, while treatment with the sodium channel antagonist MS-222 ameliorated both spasms and body curvature, suggesting that pyrethroid-induced neurotoxicity is similar in zebrafish and mammals.
In this study, we sought to investigate the developmental toxicity of six common pyrethroids, three type I compounds (permethrin, resmethrin, and bifenthrin) and three type II compounds (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin), and to determine whether zebrafish embryos may be an appropriate model for studying the developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroids.
1(0,0,0,1) Details