| Name | lactate dehydrogenase (protein family or complex) |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | LDH; lactate dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenases |
| Name | benzalkonium chloride |
|---|---|
| CAS | quaternary ammonium compounds, alkylbenzyldimethyl, chlorides |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12810473 | Boston M, Dobratz EJ, Buescher ES, Darrow DH: Effects of nasal saline spray on human neutrophils. . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Jun;129(6):660-4. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured to quantify neutrophil cell lysis. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 9200163 | Doughty MJ: Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in bovine corneal stroma and epithelium in response to in vitro toxic challenges in the enucleated eye test. Optom Vis Sci. 1997 Apr;74(4):198-206. Initial 5-min challenges were made with dilute solutions of benzalkonium chloride (up to 0.032%) or NaOH (up to 0.4 M). |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 12002669 | Huhtala A, Mannerstrom M, Alajuuma P, Nurmi S, Toimela T, Tahti H, Salminen L, Uusitalo H: Comparison of an immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line and rabbit corneal epithelial cell culture in cytotoxicity testing. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Apr;18(2):163-75. The cytotoxicity of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and disodium edetate (EDTA) was evaluated in vitro in rabbit corneal epithelial primary cells and in the immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line SV40. Cell injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and by reduction of the tetrazolium salt WST-1 to formazan by mitochondrial metabolic activity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 8564646 | Augustin C, Damour O: Pharmacotoxicological applications of an equivalent dermis: three measurements of cytotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1995 Aug;11(3-4):167-71. In evaluating this system for irritancy testing, three different measures of toxicity were used: MTT (dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium reduction, and lactate dehydrogenase and interleukin-6 release. The experiments described herein represent a preliminary evaluation to determine the usefulness and predictive value of our 24 ED kit as an alternative method for the prediction of human dermal reaction, versus three chemical products: cadmium lauryl and benzalkonium chloride. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 18506818 | Mathias NR, Moench P, Heran C, Hussain MA, Smith RL: Rat nasal lavage biomarkers to assess preclinical irritation potential of nasal drug formulations and excipients. J Pharm Sci. 2009 Feb;98(2):495-502. Solutions tested include: normal saline, buffers, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and four marketed nasal products. Total protein, lactate dehydrogenase and interleukin-1alpha biomarkers were secreted to varying degrees. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 7601324 | van de Sandt JJ, Maas WJ, Doornink PC, Rutten AA: Release of arachidonic and metabolites in skin organ cultures as characteristics of in vitro skin irritancy. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995 Apr;25(1):20-8. In rabbits exposed to the potent irritant benzalkonium chloride, a direct relation was established between clinical signs of irritation and in vitro release of the proinflammatory mediator (12-HETE) by the exposed skin. Comparison of fatty acid release to more established markers of cytotoxicity (leakage of the cellular enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) revealed that increased levels of 13-HODE, 9-HODE, 12-HETE, and ALT were specific markers of cutaneous irritancy in rabbit skin cultures. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11496952 | Adriaens E, Dierckens K, Bauters TG, Nelis HJ, van Goethem F, Vanparys P, Remon JP: The mucosal toxicity of different benzalkonium chloride analogues evaluated with an alternative test using slugs. Pharm Res. 2001 Jul;18(7):937-42. METHODS: The effect of different BAC analogues on the mucosal tissue of slugs was determined from the protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase released from the foot mucosa after treatment. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 1424063 | Imayasu M, Moriyama T, Ohashi J, Ichijima H, Cavanagh HD: A quantitative method for LDH, MDH and albumin levels in tears with ocular surface toxicity scored by Draize criteria in rabbit eyes. CLAO J. 1992 Oct;18(4):260-6. We have established a quantitative method for evaluation of ocular surface lesions on the basis of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity, and albumin levels in rabbit tears. Lesions were produced with solutions of 0.005-0.02% benzalkonium chloride (BAK), 0.01-0.03% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and 0.01-0.03% polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), all of which are widely used in topical ophthalmic preparations. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 7955299 | Imayasu M, Moriyama T, Ichijima H, Ohashi J, Petroll WM, Jester JV, Cavanagh HD: The effects of daily wear of rigid gas permeable contact lenses treated with contact lens care solutions containing preservatives on the rabbit cornea. CLAO J. 1994 Jul;20(3):183-8. We evaluated the effects on the rabbit cornea of daily wear of rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses treated with preserved care solutions by measuring concomitant tear lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity followed by in vivo tandem scanning confocal microscopy (TSCM). Two standard commercial RGP lens wetting and soaking solutions from the same manufacturer were tested: solution A with 0.004% benzalkonium chloride (BAK) and solution B with 0.003% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and 0.002% thimerosal. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 16801077 | Berg OH, Bakken AM, Steinsvag SK, Farstad M: Benzalkonium chloride interferes with energy production, secretion and morphology in human blood platelets. Platelets. 1999;10(2-3):97-104. After incubation with BC oxidation of [1-14C] was inhibited, and both lactate dehydrogenase and endogenous were spontaneously released. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17389174 | Wu KY, Wang HZ, Hong SJ: Cellular cytotoxicity of antiglaucoma drugs in cultured corneal endothelial cells. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2007 Mar;23(3):105-11. After exposure to the drugs in three dilutions, 1/100, 1/1,000, and 1/10,000, for 100 minutes, cells were estimated based on the release assay of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme. Moreover, benzalkonium chloride preservative at the concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.00001 mg/mL did not affect cellular LDH release in bovine corneal endothelial cells. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10771034 | Mori K, Maru C, Takasuna K, Furuhama K: Mechanism of release induced by levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Apr 7;394(1):51-5. Levofloxacin induced a concentration-dependent secretion from 300 microg/ml without lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and the release was rapidly completed within 30 s. Unlike that with the ionophore A23187, secretion due to levofloxacin or compound 48/80 was prevented by pretreatment with either pertussis toxin or benzalkonium chloride, a selective inhibitor of G proteins of G (i) subtypes. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |