Protein Information

Name calmodulin
Synonyms CALM; CAM; CALM 1; CALM 2; CALM 3; CALM1; CALM2; CALM3…

Compound Information

Name gibberellic acid
CAS (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
9490770 Ritchie S, Gilroy S: Calcium-Dependent Protein Phosphorylation May Mediate the Gibberellic Acid Response in Barley Aleurone. Plant Physiol. 1998 Feb 1;116(2):765-76.

Syntide-2, a substrate designed for Ca2+- and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent kinases, selectively inhibited the GA response, leaving constitutive and abscisic acid-regulated events unaffected.
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16177910 Nie X, Durnin DC, Igamberdiev AU, Hill RD: Cytosolic calcium is involved in the regulation of barley hemoglobin gene expression. Planta. 2006 Feb;223(3):542-9. Epub 2005 Sep 22.


The results indicate that calmodulin-independent anaerobic alteration in cytosolic Ca2+ and protein dephosphorylation are factors in Hb induction.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12695517 Knauss S, Rohrmeier T, Lehle L: The auxin-induced maize gene ZmSAUR2 encodes a short-lived nuclear protein expressed in elongating tissues. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 27;278(26):23936-43. Epub 2003 Apr 14.

Cycloheximide also induced ZmSAUR2 transcription, as has been shown for other early auxin-induced genes, whereas abscisic acid, brassinolide, ethylene, gibberellic acid, kinetin, and methyl jasmonate did not provoke an increase in ZmSAUR2 mRNA abundance.
In gel shift assays binding of calmodulin to ZmSAUR2 was demonstrated, suggesting the possibility of post-transcriptional regulation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16665022 Lew RR, Briskin DP, Wyse RE: Ca Uptake by Endoplasmic Reticulum from Zucchini Hypocotyls : The Use of Chlorotetracycline as a Probe for Ca Uptake. Plant Physiol. 1986 Sep;82(1):47-53.

The hormones gibberellic acid, indoleacetic acid, and abscisic acid at 10 micromolar had no significant effect.
The Ca (2+) uptake had a pH optimum of 7.5, a K (m) for ATP of 0.1 millimolar, a K (m) for Ca (2+) of about 70 nanomolar, and was stimulated 2-fold by calmodulin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17880073 Peddibhotla S, Dang Y, Liu JO, Romo D: Simultaneous arming and structure/activity studies of natural products employing O-H insertions: an expedient and versatile strategy for natural products-based chemical genetics. J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Oct 10;129(40):12222-31. Epub 2007 Sep 19.

In addition, the potential for a chemoselective but site-nonselective process was shown with both gibberellic acid methyl ester and brefeldin A using only achiral rhodium catalysts.
Using this strategy, we synthesized a novel FK506-biotin conjugate that enabled pull-down of the entire "immunosuppressive complex" including FKBP12, calcineurins A and B, and calmodulin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15499908 Kumar KG, Ullanat R, Jayabaskaran C: Molecular cloning, characterization, tissue-specific and phytohormone-induced expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). J Plant Physiol. 2004 Sep;161(9):1061-71.

As described for other CDPKs, CsCDPK5 has a long variable domain preceding a catalytic domain, an autoinhibitory function domain, and a C-terminal calmodulin-domain containing 4 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs.
The relative expression level of the CsCPK genes in various organs of cucumber plants and seedlings and in etiolated, excised cotyledons and hypocotyls following treatments with light and/or benzyladenine (BA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA) or indole acetic acid (IAA) was determined by northern analysis using the CsCPK5 cDNA probe.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2151832 Saunders MJ: Calcium and plant hormone action. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1990;44:271-83.

There are several recent reports that abscisic acid is a calcium agonists but the data are still preliminary and there are alternative reports that indicate that abscisic acid may actually lower calmodulin levels.
There is a close link between gibberellic acid and increases in intracellular free calcium in the barley aleurone system.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11537439 Leznicki AJ, Bandurski RS: Enzymic synthesis of indole-3-acetyl-1-O-beta-d-glucose. Plant Physiol. 1988;88:1481-5.

The reaction is slightly stimulated by both calcium and calmodulin and, in some cases, by thiol compounds.
The enzyme is inhibited by zeatin, by 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid, by IAA-myo-inositol and IAA-glucan, but not by zeatin riboside, and only weakly by gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and kinetin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15202712 Kolla VA, Suhita D, Raghavendra AS: Marked changes in volume of mesophyll protoplasts of pea (Pisum sativum) on exposure to growth hormones. J Plant Physiol. 2004 May;161(5):557-62.


Four plant hormones: gibberellic acid (GA3), indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA)(+/-) and methyl jasmonate (MJ), caused marked changes in the volume of mesophyll protoplasts.
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16662964 Elliott DC, Batchelor SM, Cassar RA, Marinos NG: Calmodulin-Binding Drugs Affect Responses to Cytokinin, Auxin, and Gibberellic Acid. Plant Physiol. 1983 May;72(1):219-224.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
12239376 Gilroy S: Signal Transduction in Barley Aleurone Protoplasts Is Calcium Dependent and Independent. Plant Cell. 1996 Dec;8(12):2193-2209.

Gibberellic acid (GA) increases Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) levels in barley aleurone cells, and abscisic acid (ABA) antagonizes the GA effect.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
12226294 Schuurink RC, Chan PV, Jones RL: Modulation of Calmodulin mRNA and Protein Levels in Barley Aleurone. Plant Physiol. 1996 Jun;111(2):371-380.

Changes in calmodulin (CaM) mRNA and protein were investigated in aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Himalaya) incubated in the presence and absence of calcium, gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA).
7(0,0,1,2) Details
20061304 Kato M, Nagasaki-Takeuchi N, Ide Y, Maeshima M: An arabidopsis hydrophilic Ca2 (+) -binding protein with a PEVK-rich domain, PCaP2, is associated with the plasma membrane and interacts with calmodulin and phosphatidylinositol phosphates. Plant Cell Physiol. 2010 Mar;51(3):366-79. Epub 2010 Jan 7.

Treatment of seedlings with K (+), Mn (2+), Zn (2+), Na (+), ABA and gibberellic acid, and cold and drought stresses enhanced the transcription.
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12244238 Bethke PC, Jones RL: Ca2+-Calmodulin Modulates Ion Channel Activity in Storage Protein Vacuoles of Barley Aleurone Cells. Plant Cell. 1994 Feb;6(2):277-285.

SPV were isolated from barley aleurone protoplasts incubated with CaCl2 in the presence or absence of gibberellic acid (GA) or abscisic acid (ABA).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10341447 Kohler C, Merkle T, Neuhaus G: Characterisation of a novel gene family of putative cyclic nucleotide- and calmodulin-regulated ion channels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1999 Apr;18(1):97-104.

In plants, cyclic GMP is involved in signal transduction in response to light and gibberellic acid.
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17002882 Lu B, Ding R, Zhang L, Yu X, Huang B, Chen W: Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel calcium-dependent protein kinase gene IiCPK2 Responsive to polyploidy from tetraploid Isatis indigotica. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 30;39(5):607-17.


The predicted IiCPK2 polypeptide included three domains: a kinase domain, a junction domain (or autoinhibitory region), and a C-terminal calmodulin-like domain (or calcium-binding domain), which presented a typical structure of plant CDPKs.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11092909 Yang G, Komatsu S: Involvement of calcium-dependent protein kinase in rice (Oryza sativa L.) lamina inclination caused by brassinolide. Plant Cell Physiol. 2000 Nov;41(11):1243-50.


The 45 kDa kinase activity was inhibited by Ca2+ chelator EGTA, protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine and calmodulin antagonist W-7.
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