Protein Information

Name albumin
Synonyms ALB; Albumin; PRO0883; PRO0903; PRO1341; PRO1708; PRO2044; PRO2619…

Compound Information

Name TCA
CAS 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12387940 Song D, Ma S, Khor SP: Gel electrophoresis-autoradiographic image analysis of radiolabeled protein drug concentration in serum for pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2002 Jan-Feb;47(1):59-66.


RESULTS: The maximum loading volume for protein drugs with molecular weight close to that of albumin ( approximately 70 kDa) was about 1 microl, whereas for protein drugs with larger or smaller molecular weight (i.e., > 80 or <40 kDa), the maximum loading volume was up to 20 microl/lane.
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15972268 Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Mingrone G: Approximate linear confidence and curvature of a kinetic model of dodecanedioic acid in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;289(5):E915-22. Epub 2005 Jun 21.


Albumin binding is then incorporated to obtain the final model in terms of the measured total concentrations.
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12923787 Chemale G, van Rossum AJ, Jefferies JR, Barrett J, Brophy PM, Ferreira HB, Zaha A: Proteomic analysis of the larval stage of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus: causative agent of cystic hydatid disease. Proteomics. 2003 Aug;3(8):1633-6.


Host serum proteins, especially albumin and globulins, caused horizontal streaking problems on the hydatid fluid 2-DE gels due to their high content in this sample.
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16602454 Khatami Z, McIlveen DW, Nesbitt SG, Young IS: Screening for microalbuminuria by use of microproteinuria. . East Mediterr Health J. 2005 May;11(3):358-65.


A urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of 3.0 g/mol, assumed as diagnostic of microalbuminuria, was found to correlate with a cut-off value of 24 mg/L for microproteinuria.
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14753699 Jiang L, He L, Fountoulakis M: Comparison of protein precipitation methods for sample preparation prior to proteomic analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Jan 16;1023(2):317-20.

To find the most efficient method for sample preparation, we used human plasma and compared four widely applied precipitation methods, using trichloroacetic acid (TCA), acetone, chloroform/methanol and ammonium sulfate, as well as ultrafiltration.
We also found that ammonium sulfate fractionation can efficiently remove albumin, which represents more than 50% of plasma proteins.
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12388832 Toxopeus C, Frazier JM: Simulation of trichloroacetic acid kinetics in the isolated perfused rat liver using a biologically based kinetic model. Toxicol Sci. 2002 Nov;70(1):27-39.


Separate protein binding studies showed that over 90% of TCA was bound to albumin in the perfusion medium whereas binding in liver homogenate was much lower.
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18400941 Gauci C, Moranne O, Fouqueray B, de la Faille R, Maruani G, Haymann JP, Jacquot C, Boffa JJ, Flamant M, Rossert J, Urena P, Stengel B, Souberbielle JC, Froissart M, Houillier P: Pitfalls of measuring total blood calcium in patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Aug;19(8):1592-8. Epub 2008 Apr 9.

In 691 consecutive patients with stages 3 to 5 CKD, we compared the ability of noncorrected and albumin-corrected tCa concentration to identify low, normal, or high iCa concentration.
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18388119 Jain A, Bhayana S, Vlasschaert M, House A: A formula to predict corrected calcium in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Sep;23(9):2884-8. Epub 2008 Apr 3.

METHODS: Total calcium (TCa), ionized calcium (iCa (2+)), magnesium, phosphate, albumin and bicarbonate were collected from 60 HD patients to derive the formula.
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16173474 Schenck PA, Chew DJ: Prediction of serum ionized calcium concentration by use of serum total calcium concentration in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2005 Aug;66(8):1330-6.

PROCEDURE: The tCa concentration was adjusted for total protein (TP) or albumin concentration by use of published equations.
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15149324 Gudehithlu KP, Pegoraro AA, Dunea G, Arruda JA, Singh AK: Degradation of albumin by the renal proximal tubule cells and the subsequent fate of its fragments. Kidney Int. 2004 Jun;65(6):2113-22.

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16355683 Navarro M, Monreal L, Segura D, Armengou L, Anor S: A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base and electrolyte imbalances in horses with gastrointestinal disorders. J Vet Intern Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;19(6):871-7.

Additionally, the diarrheic group revealed a mild but significant decrease in Na+, tCa, tMg, total protein, albumin, SIDm, and A (tot).
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15305508 Howard LL, Kass PH, Lamberski N, Wack RF: Serum concentrations of ionized calcium, vitamin D3, and parathyroid hormone in captive thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2004 Jun;35(2):147-53.

Serum collected from 68 thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) from 15 institutions was analyzed for ionized Ca (iCa), total Ca (tCa), P, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D3.
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18020999 Crews LJ, Sharkey LC, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, Ruska T: Evaluation of total and ionized calcium status in dogs with blastomycosis: 38 cases (1997-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Nov 15;231(10):1545-9.

OBJECTIVE: To determine blood ionized calcium (iCa) and serum total calcium (tCa) concentrations in dogs with blastomycosis and to evaluate whether serum tCa concentration, albumin-adjusted serum calcium concentration (AdjCa-Alb), and total protein-adjusted serum calcium concentration (AdjCa-TP) accurately predict iCa status.
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19211645 Magistroni R, Ligabue G, Lupo V, Furci L, Leonelli M, Manganelli L, Masellis M, Gatti V, Cavazzini F, Tizzanini W, Albertazzi A: Proteomic analysis of urine from proteinuric patients shows a proteolitic activity directed against albumin. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 May;24(5):1672-81. Epub 2009 Feb 11.

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20017763 Sharp CR, Kerl ME, Mann FA: A comparison of total calcium, corrected calcium, and ionized calcium concentrations as indicators of calcium homeostasis among hypoalbuminemic dogs requiring intensive care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2009 Dec;19(6):571-8.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To evaluate whether total calcium (tCa) correlates with ionized calcium (iCa) in hypoalbuminemic dogs; (2) to evaluate whether calcium adjusted for albumin (Alb), or total protein (TP), or both accurately predict iCa concentrations and hence can be used to monitor calcium homeostasis in critically ill hypoalbuminemic dogs; and (3) to evaluate factors associated with any potential discrepancy in calcium classification between corrected total and ionized values.
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20124547 Avila M, Prado C, Ventura MD, Mora C, Briones D, Valdez H, Hurtado ME, Lindholm B, Qureshi A, Castillo-Henkel C, Paniagua R: Vitamin D receptor gene, biochemical bone markers and bone mineral density in Mexican women on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Feb 2.

METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 197 women (42 +/- 10 years; 25% with diabetes mellitus (DM); body mass index (BMI) 25.26 +/- 4.77 kg/m (2)) treated by PD (72%) or HD (28%) underwent measurements of BMD (measured at the calcaneus by quantitative ultrasound; expressed as T- and Z-scores) and plasma total calcium (tCa), intact parathyroid hormone 1-84 (iPTH), phosphorus, albumin, glucose, osteoprotegerin (OPG), fetuin-A, intact osteocalcin-49 and N-MID fragment 1-43 aa (N-MID osteocalcin) N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (PINP) and C-terminal telopeptide-beta aspartic acid (BCL).
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15880626 Chen YY, Lin SY, Yeh YY, Hsiao HH, Wu CY, Chen ST, Wang AH: A modified protein precipitation procedure for efficient removal of albumin from serum. Electrophoresis. 2005 Jun;26(11):2117-27.

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16401192 Chaudhry AS: Comparing two commercial enzymes to estimate in vitro proteolysis of purified or semi-purified proteins. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2005 Dec;89(11-12):403-12.


Experiment 1 compared the proteolytic activity over various incubation times of a microbial enzyme (protease from Streptomyces griseus) with a plant enzyme (papain from Papaya latex) by using either 1.33 (high, H) or 0.4 (low, L) units (U, amount) of each enzyme per mg crude protein (CP) of purified proteins including bovine (BA) or egg albumin (EA).
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15820780 Dube J, Girouard J, Leclerc P, Douville P: Problems with the estimation of urine protein by automated assays. Clin Biochem. 2005 May;38(5):479-85.


RESULTS: All assays showed good linearity with the theoretical concentration of albumin present in the sample.
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12518026 Mendoza ME, Monte MJ, Serrano MA, Pastor-Anglada M, Stieger B, Meier PJ, Medarde M, Marin JJ: Physiological characteristics of allo-cholic acid. . J Lipid Res. 2003 Jan;44(1):84-92.


Even though the intracellular levels were lower for TACA, translocation into the hepatocyte nucleus was higher for TACA than for TCA; however, rate of DNA synthesis, expression levels of alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, Ntcp, and Bsep, cell viability, and apoptosis in rat hepatocytes were similarly affected by both isomers.
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15747777 Dote T, Kono K, Usuda K, Shimizu H, Tanimoto Y, Dote E, Hayashi S: Systemic effects and skin injury after experimental dermal exposure to monochloroacetic acid. Toxicol Ind Health. 2003 Oct;19(7-10):165-9.


AST, m-AST, ALT, BUN, Cr, NH3, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, RBC, Hb, Hct, total protein and albumin were increased in the MCA group.
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14635503 Wawrzynska L, Sakowicz A, Rudzinski P, Langfort R, Kurzyna M: The conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in the lung: comparison of activity of type I iodothyronine 5' deiodinase in lung cancer with peripheral lung tissues. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2003 Apr-Jun;59(2):140-5.


Abbreviations' list: T3--triiodothyronine, T4--thyroxine, FT4--free thyroxine, rT3--revers triiodothyronine TSII--Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Type I lodothyronine 5'deiodinase = type I 5'deiodinase = 5'DI = DI Type II Iodothyronine 5'deiodinase = typeII 5'deiodinase = 5'DII = DII E.S.S.--Euthyroid Sick Syndrome, hDII = human type II iodothyronine deiodinase HDII-b, hDII-c = two novel splice variants SCC--Squamous Cell Cancer, A--adenocarcinoma, BMI--Body Mass Index BSA--Bovine Standard Albumin, DTT-1,4 Dithio-L-treitol, PTU--Propylothiouracil TCA--Tricholoroacetic Acid, TNM--Tumour Nodule Metastases (class.) G1-G3-grade of differentiation, COPD--Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
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16257645 Alamdari DH, Kostidou E, Paletas K, Sarigianni M, Konstas AG, Karapiperidou A, Koliakos G: High sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for measuring protein carbonyl in samples with low amounts of protein. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Nov 15;39(10):1362-7. Epub 2005 Aug 19.


The method was calibrated using oxidized albumin, and required only 5 mug protein.
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