Protein Information

Name IL 1 beta
Synonyms Catabolin; IL 1; IL 1 beta; IL 1B; IL1 beta; IL1B; IL1F2; Interleukin 1…

Compound Information

Name cycloheximide
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17064399 Kubota K, Sakaki H, Imaizumi T, Nakagawa H, Kusumi A, Kobayashi W, Satoh K, Kimura H: Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I is induced in gingival fibroblasts by lipopolysaccharide or poly IC: possible roles in interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8 expression. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2006 Dec;21(6):399-406.

The effect of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, on RIG-I induction by these stimuli was examined.
6(0,0,0,6) Details
16123165 Ishikawa T, Hwang K, Lazzarino D, Morris PL: Sertoli cell expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer 1 and 5 domain-containing proteins and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 are interleukin-1beta regulated by activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and cyclooxygenase-2 and cytokine induction. Endocrinology. 2005 Dec;146(12):5100-11. Epub 2005 Aug 25.

IL-1beta rapidly decreases levels of precursor and mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, changes not altered by cycloheximide, suggesting coordinate regulation of StARD1 and -D5, but not StARD4, expression.
6(0,0,0,6) Details
19398497 Kang JH, Chang SY, Jang HJ, Kim DB, Ryu GR, Ko SH, Jeong IK, Jo YH, Kim MJ: Exendin-4 inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced iNOS expression at the protein level, but not at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, in RINm5F beta-cells. J Endocrinol. 2009 Jul;202(1):65-75. Epub 2009 Apr 27.

Additionally, the cycloheximide chase study demonstrated that EX-4 significantly accelerated iNOS protein degradation.
Cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide overproduction leading to beta-cell damage.
6(0,0,0,6) Details
19023868 Potapova IA, Cohen IS, Doronin SV: Apoptotic endothelial cells demonstrate increased adhesiveness for human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 2009 Apr;219(1):23-30.

Because endothelial cells (ECs) may become apoptotic under certain pro-inflammatory conditions, we investigated the effects of pro-inflammatory, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, and pro-apoptotic agents, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, okadaic acid, wortmannin, and staurosporine, on human MSCs (hMSCs) adhesion to ECs.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17641275 Kwakkel J, Wiersinga WM, Boelen A: Interleukin-1beta modulates endogenous thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene transcription in liver cells. J Endocrinol. 2007 Aug;194(2):257-65.

Cycloheximide experiments showed that the decreased promoter activity is independent of de novo protein synthesis and therefore most likely due to posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation or subcellular relocalization.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
17763444 Powell AJ, Little CB, Hughes CE: Low molecular weight isoforms of the aggrecanases are responsible for the cytokine-induced proteolysis of aggrecan in a porcine chondrocyte culture system. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Sep;56(9):3010-9.

METHODS: Chondrocyte-agarose cultures with well-established extracellular matrices were treated with or without interleukin-1 (IL-1), for a variety of different culture time periods.
Inhibition of aggrecanase activity with monoclonal antibodies, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3), and cycloheximide pretreatment were used to identify ADAMTS isoforms involved in IGD-aggrecan catabolism.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
15641051 Franchimont N, Lambert C, Huynen P, Ribbens C, Relic B, Chariot A, Bours V, Piette J, Merville MP, Malaise M: Interleukin-6 receptor shedding is enhanced by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha and is partially mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme in osteoblast-like cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):84-93.

This effect was not influenced by cycloheximide or 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside but was markedly inhibited by the calcium chelator EGTA and by the TACE and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor hydroxamate (Ru36156).
4(0,0,0,4) Details
15855330 Mastrandrea LD, Sessanna SM, Laychock SG: Sphingosine kinase activity and sphingosine-1 phosphate production in rat pancreatic islets and INS-1 cells: response to cytokines. Diabetes. 2005 May;54(5):1429-36.

SPHK activity increased in INS-1 cell homogenates treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and responses were additive.
Cytokines increased endogenous S1P biosynthesis in 32P (i)-prelabeled INS-1 cells, and cycloheximide inhibited the response after 8 h, suggesting that protein synthesis mediated the response.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
16297161 Hormdee D, Nagasawa T, Kiji M, Yashiro R, Kobayashi H, Koshy G, Noguchi K, Nitta H, Ishikawa I: Protein kinase-A-dependent osteoprotegerin production on interleukin-1 stimulation in human gingival fibroblasts is distinct from periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005 Dec;142(3):490-7.

Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL) were stimulated with IL-1alpha with or without protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX), protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and prostaglandin E (2) (PGE (2)) inhibitor.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
19446037 Safronova O, Pluemsampant S, Nakahama K, Morita I: Regulation of chemokine gene expression by hypoxia via cooperative activation of NF-kappaB and histone deacetylase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;41(11):2270-80. Epub 2009 May 13.


This study addresses the question of how hypoxia modulates the basal and IL-1 beta-induced production of cytokines and aims to identify the underlying mechanism of hypoxic transcriptional repression.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
17304101 Pearl-Yafe M, Fabian I, Halperin D, Flatau E, Werber S, Shalit I: Interferon-gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide act synergistically on human neutrophils enhancing interleukin-8, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-12 p70 secretion and phagocytosis via upregulation of toll-like receptor 4. Shock. 2007 Mar;27(3):226-31.

Using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and measuring the expression of CD35 in neutrophils stimulated with IFN-gamma and LPS alone or in combination, we could demonstrate that IFN-gamma enhances TLR4 by de novo protein synthesis, whereas the addition of LPS acts synergistically by enhancing vesicular mobilization to the cell surface.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17389578 Morrison PT, Thomas LH, Sharland M, Friedland JS: RSV-infected airway epithelial cells cause biphasic up-regulation of CCR1 expression on human monocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Jun;81(6):1487-95. Epub 2007 Mar 27.

Intracellular staining revealed little internal sequestration of CCR1 protein, and CCR1 up-regulation was inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating that both waves of RSV-CM-induced surface CCR1 expression were dependent on de novo transcription and protein synthesis.
Cytokine-neutralizing experiments showed that the effects of RSV-CM were decreased by blocking TNF-alpha (percent inhibition=51+/-2.3% at 36 h peak and 42+/-7.7% at 96 h peak) and to a lesser extent, IL-1 (percent inhibition=32+/-7.2% at 36 h and 23+/-2.9% at 96 h).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16157236 Su SJ, Huang LW, Pai LS, Liu HW, Chang KL: Homocysteine at pathophysiologic concentrations activates human monocyte and induces cytokine expression and inhibits macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression. Nutrition. 2005 Oct;21(10):994-1002.


METHODS: Human monocytes were treated in vitro with a variety of DL-homocysteine concentrations that ranged from physiologic concentration to higher than pathophysiologic concentration, and we analyzed their expressions of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-12, and migration inhibitory factor.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16690986 Lee KY, Ho SC, Lin HC, Lin SM, Liu CY, Huang CD, Wang CH, Chung KF, Kuo HP: Neutrophil-derived elastase induces TGF-beta1 secretion in human airway smooth muscle via NF-kappaB pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006 Oct;35(4):407-14. Epub 2006 May 11.

This induction was inhibited by actinomycin D (5 mM), cycloheximide (5 mM), and NF-kappaB inhibitors, including pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 1 mM), aspirin (2.5 mM), and sodium salyicylate (2.5 mM).
Association of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) with MyD88 was studied by co-immunoprecipitation and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) determined by FACS scan and Western blotting.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17133359 Sano E, Ohashi K, Sato Y, Kashiwagi M, Joguchi A, Naruse N: A possible role of autogenous IFN-beta for cytokine productions in human fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2007 Apr 15;100(6):1459-76.

However, in our system, cytokine productions were extremely enhanced by treating the cells with a low dose of type 1 IFN and the priming effects on cytokine productions were blocked by cycloheximide similar to those on IFN-beta productions.
Meanwhile, IL-1beta induced various kinds of cytokines in human fibroblasts and production time courses of these cytokines were similar to those of poly rI: poly rC induced cytokines.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19331698 Wegrzyn P, Yarwood SJ, Fiegler N, Bzowska M, Koj A, Mizgalska D, Malicki S, Pajak M, Kasza A, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Bereta J, Jura J, Jura J: Mimitin - a novel cytokine-regulated mitochondrial protein. BMC Cell Biol. 2009 Mar 31;10:23.

The expression of mimitin is stimulated more than 1.6-fold by IL-1 and by IL-6, with the maximum level of mimitin observed after 18-24 h exposure to these cytokines.
However, when apoptosis was induced by TNF and cycloheximide, and mimitin expression blocked, the activities of these caspases were significantly increased.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18729741 Shizu M, Itoh Y, Sunahara R, Chujo S, Hayashi H, Ide Y, Takii T, Koshiko M, Chung SW, Hayakawa K, Miyazawa K, Hirose K, Onozaki K: Cigarette smoke condensate upregulates the gene and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human fibroblast-like synoviocyte line. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2008 Aug;28(8):509-21.

When human fibroblast-like synoviocytes line MH7A was treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), either mainstream or sidestream, expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and CYP1A1 mRNA were upregulated in both time- and dose-dependent manners.
Cycloheximide treatment indicated that the augmenting effect of CSC on IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8, but not IL-6 and CYP1A1, mRNA expression requires de novo protein synthesis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15728510 Molnarfi N, Hyka-Nouspikel N, Gruaz L, Dayer JM, Burger D: The production of IL-1 receptor antagonist in IFN-beta-stimulated human monocytes depends on the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not of STAT1. J Immunol. 2005 Mar 1;174(5):2974-80.

IFN-beta induces the production of secreted IL-1R antagonist (sIL-1Ra) without triggering synthesis of the agonist IL-1beta in human monocytes.
The use of cycloheximide and actinomycin D shows that sIL-1Ra was an immediate early gene induced by IFN-beta and that PI3K was controlling sIL-1Ra gene transcription.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16988256 Dennis VA, Jefferson A, Singh SR, Ganapamo F, Philipp MT: Interleukin-10 anti-inflammatory response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease: a possible role for suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 and 3. Infect Immun. 2006 Oct;74(10):5780-9.

Neither endogenous IL-10 nor the translation inhibitor cycloheximide blocked SOCS1/SOCS3 induction by B. burgdorferi and its lipoproteins, indicating that the expression of other genes is not required.
This temporally correlated with the IL-10-mediated inhibition of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15814588 Kuang PP, Goldstein RH: Regulation of elastin gene transcription by proteasome dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2005 Sep;289(3):C766-73. Epub 2005 Apr 6.

We previously found that the downregulation of elastin gene transcription by IL-1beta is mediated via activation of NF-kappaB and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) beta, both targets of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Addition of cycloheximide blocked these increases and the downregulation of elastin mRNA by MG-132.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17115938 Tsugane M, Nagai Y, Kimura Y, Oka J, Kimura H: Differentiated astrocytes acquire sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide that is diminished by the transformation into reactive astrocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Feb;9(2):257-69.

In contrast, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cAMP) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induced the conversion to reactive astrocytes with diminished sensitivity to NaHS.
This suppressive effect of EGF on the sensitivity to NaHS was inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that de novo protein synthesis was required for the suppression of H2S sensitivity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19248116 Yammani RR, Long D, Loeser RF: Interleukin-7 stimulates secretion of S100A4 by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Mar;60(3):792-800.

METHODS: Human articular chondrocytes isolated from ankle cartilage were stimulated with 10 ng/ml of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-7, or IL-8.
Cells were pretreated with either a JAK-3 inhibitor, brefeldin A, or cycloheximide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15640153 Pillinger MH, Marjanovic N, Kim SY, Scher JU, Izmirly P, Tolani S, Dinsell V, Lee YC, Blaser MJ, Abramson SB: Matrix metalloproteinase secretion by gastric epithelial cells is regulated by E prostaglandins and MAPKs. J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 18;280(11):9973-9. Epub 2005 Jan 7.


Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated gastric cell MMP-1 secretion, indicating that MMP-1 secretion occurs in inflammatory as well as non-inflammatory situations.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17635918 Jang BC, Sung SH, Park JG, Park JW, Bae JH, Shin DH, Park GY, Han SB, Suh SI: Glucosamine hydrochloride specifically inhibits COX-2 by preventing COX-2 N-glycosylation and by increasing COX-2 protein turnover in a proteasome-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 21;282(38):27622-32. Epub 2007 Jul 16.

Notably, GS-HCl (5 mM) also facilitated degradation of the higher molecular species of COX-2 in IL-1beta-treated A549 cells that was retarded by MG132.
Remarkably, GS-HCl-mediated decrease in COX-2 molecular mass was associated with inhibition of COX-2 N-glycosylation during translation, as assessed by the effect of tunicamycin, the protein N-glycosylation inhibitor, or of cycloheximide, the translation inhibitor, on COX-2 modification.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17209135 Kuang PP, Zhang XH, Rich CB, Foster JA, Subramanian M, Goldstein RH: Activation of elastin transcription by transforming growth factor-beta in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007 Apr;292(4):L944-52. Epub 2007 Jan 5.

The induction of elastin hnRNA and mRNA expression by TGF-beta was abolished by pretreatments with TGF-beta receptor I inhibitor, global transcription inhibitor actinomycin D, and partially blocked by addition of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, but was not affected by the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor U0126.
Treatment of lung fibroblasts with interleukin-1beta or the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A inhibited TGF-beta-induced elastin mRNA and hnRNA expression by a mechanism that involved inhibition of Akt phosphorylation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17050539 Tew SR, Hardingham TE: Regulation of SOX9 mRNA in human articular chondrocytes involving p38 MAPK activation and mRNA stabilization. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 22;281(51):39471-9. Epub 2006 Oct 18.

Disruption of actin stress fibers using any of these redifferentiation stimuli also supported the superinduction of SOX9 by cycloheximide.
Furthermore stimulation of chondrocyte p38 MAPK activity with interleukin-1beta resulted in increased levels of SOX9 mRNA, and this was again dependent on the absence of actin stress fibers in the cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15722640 Park CS, Choi EN, Kim JS, Choi YS, Rhim TY, Chang HS, Chung IY: Interferon-gamma inhibits in vitro mobilization of eosinophils by interleukin-5. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005 Mar;136(3):295-302. Epub 2005 Feb 16.

Other cytokines, including IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13, had little or only slightly enhancing or reducing effects on the shape change.
We further analyzed the IFN-gamma effect, showing that pretreatment with IFN-gamma strongly suppressed IL-5-induced eosinophil shape change, and cycloheximide (CHX) abrogated the suppression by IFN-gamma, suggesting that new protein synthesis is required for the inhibitory effect by this cytokine.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16951370 Rahman MS, Yamasaki A, Yang J, Shan L, Halayko AJ, Gounni AS: IL-17A induces eotaxin-1/CC chemokine ligand 11 expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of MAPK (Erk1/2, JNK, and p38) pathways. J Immunol. 2006 Sep 15;177(6):4064-71.

Moreover, IL-17A significantly induced eotaxin-1/CCL11 release and mRNA expression, an effect that was abrogated with cycloheximide and actinomycin D treatment.
IL-17A also enhanced significantly IL-1beta-mediated eotaxin-1/CCL11 mRNA, protein release, and promoter activity in ASM cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19740337 Kwon SJ, Lee GT, Lee JH, Kim WJ, Kim IY: Bone morphogenetic protein-6 induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages. Immunology. 2009 Sep;128(1 Suppl):e758-65. Epub 2009 Feb 17.

Induction of iNOS was inhibited by both cycloheximide and actinomycin D, indicating that the induction of iNOS expression by BMP-6 requires new protein synthesis.
Furthermore, induction of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was necessary for iNOS induction by BMP-6.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16226884 Momberger TS, Levick JR, Mason RM: Hyaluronan secretion by synoviocytes is mechanosensitive. Matrix Biol. 2005 Dec;24(8):510-9. Epub 2005 Oct 14.

However HAS2 transcription increased 10-fold in response to TGF-beta1 and IL-1beta.
Actinomycin D and cycloheximide abolished stretch-stimulated HA secretion and also reduced basal HA secretion rate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18458045 Camacho M, Rodriguez C, Salazar J, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Ribalta J, Escudero JR, Masana L, Vila L: Retinoic acid induces PGI synthase expression in human endothelial cells. . J Lipid Res. 2008 Aug;49(8):1707-14. Epub 2008 May 5.

Coincubation with 13-cis-RA and interleukin-1beta resulted in a synergic increase in the release of PGI (2).
Actinomycin D and cycloheximide both inhibited RA-induced PGIS expression.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16192422 Yung S, Tsang RC, Sun Y, Leung JK, Chan TM: Effect of human anti-DNA antibodies on proximal renal tubular epithelial cell cytokine expression: implications on tubulointerstitial inflammation in lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Nov;16(11):3281-94. Epub 2005 Sep 28.


The binding of inactive Ab and active Ab to PTEC resulted in differential and sequential upregulation of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 secretion (P < 0.05).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17178924 Moreau ME, Bawolak MT, Morissette G, Adam A, Marceau F: Role of nuclear factor-kappaB and protein kinase C signaling in the expression of the kinin B1 receptor in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;71(3):949-56. Epub 2006 Dec 18.

Various stimulatory compounds that increase receptor mRNA stability only (human and bovine sera, cycloheximide) or that stimulate NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and both mRNA concentration and stability [interleukin (IL)-1beta, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)] all increased the density of binding sites for the tritiated B1 receptor agonist [3H] Lys-des-Arg9-bradykinin (without change in receptor affinity) in cell-based assays.
33(0,1,1,3) Details
15653751 Bosque A, Pardo J, Martinez-Lorenzo MJ, Iturralde M, Marzo I, Pineiro A, Alava MA, Naval J, Anel A: Down-regulation of normal human T cell blast activation: roles of APO2L/TRAIL, FasL, and c- FLIP, Bim, or Bcl-x isoform expression. J Leukoc Biol. 2005 Apr;77(4):568-78. Epub 2005 Jan 14.

Cell death was only observed in the presence of cycloheximide or after a pulse through CD3 or CD59, correlating with a net reduction in cellular Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein long (c-FLIPL) and c-FLIPS expression.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
15770661 Wang HS, Tung WH, Tang KT, Wong YK, Huang GJ, Wu JC, Guo YJ, Chen CC: TGF-beta induced hyaluronan synthesis in orbital fibroblasts involves protein kinase C betaII activation in vitro. J Cell Biochem. 2005 May 15;95(2):256-67.

Graves' ophthalmopathy is accompanied by hyaluronan (HA) accumulation in the orbital space and infiltration of immunocompetent cells and cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta.
Stimulation by TGF-beta and PMA were dependent on protein synthesis and their effects were inhibited by cycloheximide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19228791 Garcia S, Mera A, Gomez-Reino JJ, Conde C: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase suppression protects rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts from Fas-induced apoptosis. Rheumatology. 2009 May;48(5):483-9. Epub 2009 Feb 19.


Fas-associated via death domain (FADD), pro-caspase-8, Fas, c-Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1b-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (FLIP) expression, and AKT and GSK phosphorylation were analysed by western blot.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17138965 Sun J, Fegan PE, Desai AS, Madara JL, Hobert ME: Flagellin-induced tolerance of the Toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway in polarized intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007 Mar;292(3):G767-78. Epub 2006 Nov 30.


Our study indicates that inhibition of TLR5-associated IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 activity occurs during the development of flagellin tolerance and is likely to be the cause of tolerance.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16684952 Cohen M, Marchand-Adam S, Lecon-Malas V, Marchal-Somme J, Boutten A, Durand G, Crestani B, Dehoux M: HGF synthesis in human lung fibroblasts is regulated by oncostatin M. . Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):L1097-103.

OSM induced HGF secretion to a similar extent as IL-1beta in both a time- and dose-dependent manner.
HGF was released in its cleaved mature form, and its secretion was completely inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating a de novo protein synthesis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19094210 Zayed N, Li X, Chabane N, Benderdour M, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Duval N, Fahmi H: Increased expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase in osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(6):R146. Epub 2008 Dec 18.

The upregulation of L-PGDS by IL-1beta was blocked by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide, indicating that this effect is indirect, requiring de novo protein synthesis.
87(1,1,1,7) Details
15612946 Sakaki H, Imaizumi T, Matsumiya T, Kusumi A, Nakagawa H, Kubota K, Nishi N, Nakamura T, Hirashima M, Satoh K, Kimura H: Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I is induced by interleukin-1beta in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005 Feb;20(1):47-50.

The effect of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, on the IL-1beta-induced expression of RIG-I was examined.
86(1,1,1,6) Details
16670123 Ehrenfeld P, Millan C, Matus CE, Figueroa JE, Burgos RA, Nualart F, Bhoola KD, Figueroa CD: Activation of kinin B1 receptors induces chemotaxis of human neutrophils. . J Leukoc Biol. 2006 Jul;80(1):117-24. Epub 2006 May 2.

A reduction in the chemotactic response was observed after priming of cells in the presence of 0.5 mM cycloheximide and 10 mug/ml brefeldin A, suggesting that some protein biosynthesis is required.
To test the effect of B (1) receptor agonists, each assay was carried out overnight at 37 degrees C in 5% CO (2)-95% air on neutrophils primed with 1 ng/ml interleukin-1beta.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17671691 Kamohara H, Takahashi M, Ishiko T, Ogawa M, Baba H: Induction of interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and leukemia inhibitory factor in pancreatic carcinoma cells: Impact of CXCL-8 as an autocrine growth factor. Int J Oncol. 2007 Sep;31(3):627-32.


Actinomycin D suppressed and cycloheximide augmented CXCL-8 mRNA which was induced by TNF-alpha or not.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
18708082 Luo SF, Lin CC, Chen HC, Lin WN, Lee IT, Lee CW, Hsiao LD, Yang CM: Involvement of MAPKs, NF-kappaB and p300 co-activator in IL-1beta-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression in canine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Nov 1;232(3):396-407. Epub 2008 Jul 29.

IL-1beta-induced cPLA2 expression and PGE2 production was inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating the involvement of transcriptional and translational events in these responses.
85(1,1,1,5) Details
15965081 Chen SD, Hu CJ, Yang DI, Nassief A, Chen H, Yin K, Xu J, Hsu CY: Pravastatin attenuates ceramide-induced cytotoxicity in mouse cerebral endothelial cells with HIF-1 activation and VEGF upregulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 May;1042:357-64.

Ceramide is a pro-apoptotic lipid messenger that induces oxidative stress and may mediate apoptosis in cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) induced by TNF-alpha/cycloheximide, lipopolysaccharide, oxidized LDL, IL-1, and amyloid peptide.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
15627642 Kaur S, Kaur H, Singh PP: Induction of colony-stimulating factors by a 30-kDa secretory protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2004 Oct-Dec;15(4):327-38.


Mtb30-induced PM production of CSFs was de novo as it was completely blocked by cycloheximide (50 mug/mL).
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16514055 Gu BJ, Wiley JS: Rapid ATP-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase 9 is mediated by the P2X7 receptor. Blood. 2006 Jun 15;107(12):4946-53. Epub 2006 Mar 2.


ATP-induced MMP-9 release was inhibited by the P2X (7) receptor antagonists periodate oxidized ATP and KN-62, or by calcium chelators, as well as by a loss-of-function polymorphism in the P2X (7) receptor, but not by brefeldin A, monensin, or cycloheximide, or by anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or anti-interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) monoclonal antibodies.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16237104 Mandal P, Novotny M, Hamilton TA: Lipopolysaccharide induces formyl peptide receptor 1 gene expression in macrophages and neutrophils via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. J Immunol. 2005 Nov 1;175(9):6085-91.


First, the response to LPS is partially blocked by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16299053 Busch CJ, Liu H, Graveline AR, Bloch KD: Nitric oxide induces phosphodiesterase 4B expression in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Apr;290(4):L747-L753. Epub 2005 Nov 18.


The GSNO-induced increase in PDE4B mRNA levels was blocked by actinomycin D but augmented by cycloheximide.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
15614529 Brooks AD, Sayers TJ: Reduction of the antiapoptotic protein cFLIP enhances the susceptibility of human renal cancer cells to TRAIL apoptosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005 May;54(5):499-505. Epub 2004 Dec 22.

In contrast to a previous study, a rapid and dramatic decrease in levels of cellular FLICE (Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme) inhibitory protein (cFLIP) following cycloheximide treatment was observed in all RCCs studied.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
16121032 Tattersall AL, Browning JA, Wilkins RJ: Modulation of H+ transport mechanisms by interleukin-1 in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2005;16(1-3):43-50.

In keeping with this observation, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abolished the stimulatory effect of IL-1 on ATPase-mediated extrusion.
38(0,1,1,8) Details
17529908 Xing L, Remick DG: Mechanisms of oxidant regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 production in human whole blood and isolated mononuclear cells. Shock. 2007 Aug;28(2):178-85.


Cycloheximide treatment did not abolish the DMSO inhibition of MCP-1 mRNA, demonstrating that de novo protein synthesis is not required.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
18406357 Cullingford TE, Butler MJ, Marshall AK, Tham el L, Sugden PH, Clerk A: Differential regulation of Kruppel-like factor family transcription factor expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: effects of endothelin-1, oxidative stress and cytokines. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jun;1783(6):1229-36. Epub 2008 Mar 25.


All were regulated as immediate early genes (cycloheximide did not inhibit the increases in expression).
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16881805 Nervina JM, Camargo PM, Bezouglaia O, Tetradis S: Prostanoid- and interleukin-1-induced primary genes in cementoblastic cells. J Periodontol. 2006 Aug;77(8):1362-70.

METHODS: Confluent OCCM cells were pretreated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide followed by fluprostenol or IL-1 for 1.5 hours. cDNA generated from each group was used for cDNA subtraction hybridization to identify differentially induced genes.
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18163503 Bauge C, Attia J, Leclercq S, Pujol JP, Galera P, Boumediene K: Interleukin-1beta up-regulation of Smad7 via NF-kappaB activation in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jan;58(1):221-6.

METHODS: Human articular chondrocytes were treated with IL-1beta in the presence of TGFbeta1, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (a repressor of the NF-kappaB pathway), or cycloheximide.
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15930287 Frede S, Freitag P, Otto T, Heilmaier C, Fandrey J: The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1beta and hypoxia cooperatively induce the expression of adrenomedullin in ovarian carcinoma cells through hypoxia inducible factor 1 activation. Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 1;65(11):4690-7.

Instead cycloheximide effectively prevented the increase in HIF-1alpha protein, indicating a stimulatory effect of IL-1beta on HIF-1alpha translation.
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15879116 Xing L, Remick DG: Mechanisms of dimethyl sulfoxide augmentation of IL-1 beta production. . J Immunol. 2005 May 15;174(10):6195-202.

Cycloheximide studies demonstrated that the DMSO augmentation of IL-1beta mRNA did not require de novo protein synthesis, and studies with actinomycin D showed that DMSO did not alter the half-life of IL-1beta mRNA, suggesting that DMSO did not change the stability of IL-1beta mRNA.
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17501665 Lambert C, Oury C, Dejardin E, Chariot A, Piette J, Malaise M, Merville MP, Franchimont N: Further insights in the mechanisms of interleukin-1beta stimulation of osteoprotegerin in osteoblast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Sep;22(9):1350-61.

Post-transcriptional effects were examined by using cycloheximide and actinomycin D.
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16987239 Ito H, Yamamoto N, Arima H, Hirate H, Morishima T, Umenishi F, Tada T, Asai K, Katsuya H, Sobue K: Interleukin-1beta induces the expression of aquaporin-4 through a nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in rat astrocytes. J Neurochem. 2006 Oct;99(1):107-18.

It appeared that IL-1beta increased the level of AQP4 mRNA without involvement of de novo protein synthesis because cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, did not inhibit the effects of IL-1beta.
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18387309 Doszczak M, Pierzchalski A, Grzenkowicz J, Stasilojc G, Bigda JJ: Cytocidal effect of interleukin 1 (IL-1) on HeLa cells is mediated by both soluble and transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Cytokine. 2008 May;42(2):243-55. Epub 2008 Apr 1.


Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a pleiotropic cytokine able to induce cytocidal effect.
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18493980 Kang TJ, Basu S, Zhang L, Thomas KE, Vogel SN, Baillie L, Cross AS: Bacillus anthracis spores and lethal toxin induce IL-1beta via functionally distinct signaling pathways. Eur J Immunol. 2008 Jun;38(6):1574-84.

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