Protein Information

Name AP 1 (protein family or complex)
Synonyms AP 1; AP 1 complex; AP1; Adapter related protein complex 1

Compound Information

Name paraquat
CAS 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
10195331 Li X, Sun AY: Paraquat induced activation of transcription factor AP-1 and apoptosis in PC12 cells. J Neural Transm. 1999;106(1):1-21.

Interestingly, both apoptotic cell death and AP-1/DNA binding activity induced by paraquat were blocked by cyclohexamide and genistein, indicating that both the AP-1/DNA binding activation and apoptosis induced by paraquat are closely related.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
11728812 Zhou LZ, Johnson AP, Rando TA: NF kappa B and AP-1 mediate transcriptional responses to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Dec 1;31(11):1405-16.

7(0,0,0,7) Details
17935786 Olesen BT, Clausen J, Vang O: Characterization of the transcriptional profile in primary astrocytes after oxidative stress induced by Paraquat. Neurotoxicology. 2008 Jan;29(1):13-21. Epub 2007 Sep 1.

Paraquat induced the expression of Mn- and CuZn SOD, catalase and decreases the expression of c-jun (a part of AP-1).
7(0,0,1,2) Details
10464329 Wenk J, Brenneisen P, Wlaschek M, Poswig A, Briviba K, Oberley TD, Scharffetter-Kochanek K: Stable overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in mitochondria identifies hydrogen peroxide as a major oxidant in the AP-1-mediated induction of matrix-degrading metalloprotease-1. J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 3;274(36):25869-76.

The Mn-SOD-overexpressing cells revealed specific resistance to the superoxide anion (O-(2))-generating agent paraquat, whereas no resistance to UVA-generated oxidative stress was found.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17048122 Kinoshita A, Kobayashi D, Saitoh Y, Tanabe N, Uchino K, Nishiguchi K, Okumura K, Komada F: Regulation of exogenous gene expression by superoxide. . Pharm Res. 2006 Nov;23(11):2536-41. Epub 2006 Oct 18.

The cytomegalovirus long terminal repeat (CMV-LTR) has a TPA response element (TRE) as a binding site for activator protein 1 (AP-1), which is induced by oxidative stress.
Each type of cell was exposed to oxygen radicals using paraquat for 24 h.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17561093 Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Sousa C, Remiao F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R, Sanchez Navarro A, Bastos ML, Carvalho F: Sodium salicylate prevents paraquat-induced apoptosis in the rat lung. . Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Jul 1;43(1):48-61. Epub 2007 Mar 24.

The two main caspase cascades (the extrinsic receptor-mediated and the intrinsic mitochondria-mediated) and the expressions of p53 and activator protein-1 (AP-1) were also evaluated, to obtain an insight into apoptotic cellular signaling.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10644010 Morandini R, Boeynaems JM, Duhant X, Jacquemotte F, Kinnaert E, Ghanem G: SODs are involved in the regulation of ICAM-1 expression in human melanoma and endothelial cells. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1999 Nov;45(7):1053-63.

Two of these--NFkappaB and AP-1--can also be activated by reactive oxygen species, including the superoxide anion (also produced under TNF challenge).
Our results show a 20-50% increase in both SOD activities when cells were exposed to TNF or to an oxidative stress produced by Paraquat (a generator of superoxide anion radicals), both in terms of enzymes activity (zymogram) and protein levels (Western blotting and ELISA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11485197 Leisinger U, Rufenacht K, Fischer B, Pesaro M, Spengler A, Zehnder AJ, Eggen RI: The glutathione peroxidase homologous gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is transcriptionally up-regulated by singlet oxygen. Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Jul;46(4):395-408.

Within this region a regulatory sequence homologous to the mammalian cAMP response element (CRE) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding site was identified within a 16 bp palindrome.
In contrast, the Gpxh mRNA levels were only weakly induced by exposure to the superoxide-generating compound paraquat and by hydrogen peroxide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details