Protein Information

Name transferase
Synonyms 4' phosphopantetheinyl transferase; 4' phosphopantetheinyl transferase; AASD PPT; AASDHPPT; AASDPPT; Alpha aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase phosphopantetheinyl transferase; Aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase phosphopantetheinyl transferase; CGI 80…

Compound Information

Name paraquat
CAS 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19128239 Radyuk SN, Michalak K, Klichko VI, Benes J, Rebrin I, Sohal RS, Orr WC: Peroxiredoxin 5 confers protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis and also promotes longevity in Drosophila. Biochem J. 2009 Apr 15;419(2):437-45.

TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) analysis revealed that the dprx5 (-/-) null mutant had discernible tissue-specific apoptotic patterns, similar to those observed in control flies exposed to paraquat.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
16458197 Cingolani C, Rogers B, Lu L, Kachi S, Shen J, Campochiaro PA: Retinal degeneration from oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Feb 15;40(4):660-9. Epub 2005 Oct 21.

Histology in paraquat-injected eyes showed condensation of chromatin and thinning of the inner and outer nuclear layers indicating cell death, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated duTP-biotinide end labeling demonstrated that one mechanism of cell death was apoptosis.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
10806371 Bayoumi AE, Perez-Pertejo Y, Ordonez C, Reguera RM, Cubria JC, Balana-Fouce R, Ordonez D: Alterations on polyamine content and glutathione metabolism induced by different concentrations of paraquat in CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2000 Jun;14(3):211-7.

After 24hr of incubation with paraquat, glutathione peroxidase suffered a large dose-response increase, unlike glutathione reductase and S-transferase, the activities of which were lower than untreated controls.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
17275934 Finne EF, Cooper GA, Koop BF, Hylland K, Tollefsen KE: Toxicogenomic responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes exposed to model chemicals and a synthetic mixture. Aquat Toxicol. 2007 Mar 10;81(3):293-303. Epub 2007 Jan 4.

More precisely, the responses of biomarker genes such as cytochrome p4501A and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase to TCDD exposure, glutathione reductase and gammaglutamyl cysteine synthetase to paraquat exposure, as well as vitellogenin and vitelline envelope protein to EE2 exposure validated the use of microarray applied to RNA extracted from in vitro exposed hepatocytes.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
10195331 Li X, Sun AY: Paraquat induced activation of transcription factor AP-1 and apoptosis in PC12 cells. J Neural Transm. 1999;106(1):1-21.

Under similar conditions we also found by both a DNA laddering assay procedure and by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay (TUNEL assay) that paraquat also induces apoptotic cell death.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
10940008 Takahashi N, Sato T, Yamada T: Metabolic pathways for cytotoxic end product formation from glutamate- and aspartate-containing peptides by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol. 2000 Sep;182(17):4704-10.


Aspartate is deaminated into fumarate by aspartate ammonia-lyase and then reduced to succinyl-CoA by fumarate reductase and acyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase or oxidized to acetyl-CoA by a sequential reaction of fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase, and pyruvate oxidoreductase.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17008388 Lin CT, Peng HL: Regulation of the homologous two-component systems KvgAS and KvhAS in Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43. J Biochem. 2006 Nov;140(5):639-48. Epub 2006 Sep 28.

The overexpression of KvhA altered the susceptibility to fosfomycin and an increasing activity of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase, the target protein of fosfomycin, which suggesting a regulation by KvhA.
In Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43, deletion of the sensor gene kvgS reduced the kvgAS expression in M9 medium with 0.2 mM paraquat, 0.2 mM 2,2-dihydropyridyl, or 300 mM NaCl.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15107863 Niggeweg R, Michael AJ, Martin C: Engineering plants with increased levels of the antioxidant chlorogenic acid. Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Jun;22(6):746-54. Epub 2004 Apr 25.


CGA acts as an antioxidant in plants and protects against degenerative, age-related diseases in animals when supplied in their diet. cDNA clones encoding the enzyme that synthesizes CGA, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate: hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT), were characterized from tomato and tobacco.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17561093 Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Sousa C, Remiao F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R, Sanchez Navarro A, Bastos ML, Carvalho F: Sodium salicylate prevents paraquat-induced apoptosis in the rat lung. . Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Jul 1;43(1):48-61. Epub 2007 Mar 24.

PQ exposure resulted in marked lung apoptosis, in a time-dependent manner, characterized by the "ladder-like" pattern of DNA observed through electrophoresis and by the presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells (TPC) as revealed by immunohistochemistry.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10751631 Schriner SE, Smith AC, Dang NH, Fukuchi K, Martin GM: Overexpression of wild-type and nuclear-targeted catalase modulates resistance to oxidative stress but does not alter spontaneous mutant frequencies at APRT. Mutat Res. 2000 Apr 3;449(1-2):21-31.


Overexpression of wild-type catalase protected cells against paraquat, while nuclear targeting sensitized them to this agent.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16640580 Sellam A, Poupard P, Simoneau P: Molecular cloning of AbGst1 encoding a glutathione transferase differentially expressed during exposure of Alternaria brassicicola to isothiocyanates. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006 May;258(2):241-9.


However, no significant transcript response was obtained with superoxide-generating menadione and paraquat.
0(0,0,0,0) Details