| Name | tyrosine hydroxylase |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Putative tyrosine hydroxylase variant; TH; TH protein; TYH; Truncated tyrosine hydroxylase; Tyrosine 3 hydroxylase; Tyrosine 3 monooxygenase; Tyrosine hydroxylase… |
| Name | paraquat |
|---|---|
| CAS | 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17509817 | Kang X, Chen J, Xu Z, Li H, Wang B: Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on paraquat-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Sep;21(6):1003-9. Epub 2007 Feb 21. Moreover, EGb761 pretreatment evidently increased the numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive and bcl-2 positive cells and degraded the number of caspase-3 positive cells in PQ-injured PC12 cells, in comparison to the treatment with PQ alone. |
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| 15890010 | Wu XF, Block ML, Zhang W, Qin L, Wilson B, Zhang WQ, Veronesi B, Hong JS: The role of microglia in paraquat-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 May-Jun;7(5-6):654-61. Neuron-glia cultures exposed to PQ exhibited a decrease in DA uptake and a decline in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells. |
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| 20079141 | Ren JP, Zhao YW, Sun XJ: Toxic influence of chronic oral administration of paraquat on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in C57BL/6 mice. Chin Med J. 2009 Oct 5;122(19):2366-71. Level of (DA) and its metabolites levels in the striatum were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons were detected by using immunohistochemistry. |
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| 17880941 | Rojo AI, Cavada C, de Sagarra MR, Cuadrado A: Chronic inhalation of rotenone or paraquat does not induce Parkinson's disease symptoms in mice or rats. Exp Neurol. 2007 Nov;208(1):120-6. Epub 2007 Aug 22. MPTP-treated mice developed motor deficits that correlated with a severe depletion of striatal levels, and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in substantia nigra and striatum. |
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| 20188092 | Kachroo A, Irizarry MC, Schwarzschild MA: protects against combined paraquat and maneb-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Exp Neurol. 2010 Feb 24. The number of nigral neurons positive for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH+) was assessed using stereological methods and found to be significantly reduced (to 60% of control) by combined pesticide treatment. |
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| 16893418 | Saint-Pierre M, Tremblay ME, Sik A, Gross RE, Cicchetti F: Temporal effects of paraquat/maneb on microglial activation and neuronal loss in older rats. J Neurochem. 2006 Aug;98(3):760-72. Further, electron microscopy revealed an abnormal appearance of the Golgi apparatus at 4 weeks that was confirmed using double immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and Golgi. |
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| 15890009 | Bonneh-Barkay D, Langston WJ, Di Monte DA: Toxicity of redox cycling pesticides in primary mesencephalic cultures. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 May-Jun;7(5-6):649-53. Paraquat, a known redox cycling herbicide, has recently been shown to kill selectively nigrostriatal dopaminergic cells in the mouse model. The three pesticides also caused cell death as assessed by a reduction of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and a dose-dependent decrease in [(3) H] uptake. |
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| 15009131 | Thiruchelvam MJ, Powers JM, Cory-Slechta DA, Richfield EK: Risk factors for dopaminergic neuron loss in human alpha-synuclein transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Feb;19(4):845-54. Stereological counts of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons significantly declined with age only in the transgenic lines, consistent with a constant or decreasing risk, with the line expressing a double-mutant form of human alpha-synuclein more severely affected than the line expressing wild-type human alpha-synuclein. Treatment with Mn2+-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and paraquat resulted in significantly greater effects in the double-mutant line than the other lines. |
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| 18714822 | Chen P, Chen Z, Li A, Lou XC, Wu XK, Zhao CJ, Wang SL, Liang LP: Catalytic metalloporphyrin protects against paraquat neurotoxicity in vivo. Biomed Environ Sci. 2008 Jun;21(3):233-8. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method was used to assay the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons was estimated using immunohistochemistry. |
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| 16580056 | Shepherd KR, Lee ES, Schmued L, Jiao Y, Ali SF, Oriaku ET, Lamango NS, Soliman KF, Charlton CG: The potentiating effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on paraquat-induced neurochemical and behavioral changes in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 Mar;83(3):349-59. Epub 2006 Mar 6. Meanwhile, PQ administration caused a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra, and this effect was more pronounced in MPTP pretreated mice. |
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| 18056701 | Fei Q, McCormack AL, Di Monte DA, Ethell DW: Paraquat neurotoxicity is mediated by a Bak-dependent mechanism. . J Biol Chem. 2008 Feb 8;283(6):3357-64. Epub 2007 Dec 4. Finally, we tested the sensitivity of Bak-deficient mice and found them to be resistant to PQ treatments that depleted tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of wild-type mice. |
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| 19446248 | Kang MJ, Gil SJ, Koh HC: Paraquat induces alternation of the catabolic pathways and levels in the substantia nigra of mice. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Jul 24;188(2):148-52. Epub 2009 Apr 5. We measured changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, DA and its metabolites, and and oxidized) in the SN. |
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| 20307631 | Kang MJ, Gil SJ, Lee JE, Koh HC: Selective vulnerability of the striatal subregions of C57BL/6 mice to paraquat. Toxicol Lett. 2010 Mar 20. We also measured changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, (DA) and its metabolites, (GSH), and in the striatum. |
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| 10930548 | Thiruchelvam M, Brockel BJ, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Cory-Slechta DA: Potentiated and preferential effects of combined paraquat and maneb on nigrostriatal systems: environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease?. Brain Res. 2000 Aug 11;873(2):225-34. |
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| 17879265 | Fernagut PO, Hutson CB, Fleming SM, Tetreaut NA, Salcedo J, Masliah E, Chesselet MF: Behavioral and histopathological consequences of paraquat intoxication in mice: effects of alpha-synuclein over-expression. Synapse. 2007 Dec;61(12):991-1001. |
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| 19450058 | Cristovao AC, Choi DH, Baltazar G, Beal MF, Kim YS: The role of NADPH oxidase 1-derived reactive species in paraquat-mediated dopaminergic cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Sep;11(9):2105-18. Male C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of paraquat (10 mg/kg) once every 3 days and showed increased Nox1 levels in the substantia nigra as well as a 35% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons 5 days after the last injection. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 10095006 | Brooks AI, Chadwick CA, Gelbard HA, Cory-Slechta DA, Federoff HJ: Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss. Brain Res. 1999 Mar 27;823(1-2):1-10. The data indicate that paraquat like MPTP elicits a dose-dependent decrease in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons assessed by a -gold prelabeling method, a decline in striatal nerve terminal density assessed by measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity; and neurobehavioral syndrome characterized by reduced ambulatory activity. |
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| 12911755 | Thiruchelvam M, McCormack A, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Di Monte DA, Cory-Slechta DA: Age-related irreversible progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the paraquat and maneb model of the Parkinson's disease phenotype. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Aug;18(3):589-600. Numbers of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were reduced in all age groups following paraquat alone and paraquat + maneb exposure, but these losses, along with decreases in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels, were progressive in 18-month-old paraquat and paraquat + maneb groups between 2 weeks and 3 months post-exposure. |
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| 16677770 | McCormack AL, Atienza JG, Langston JW, Di Monte DA: Decreased susceptibility to oxidative stress underlies the resistance of specific dopaminergic cell populations to paraquat-induced degeneration. Neuroscience. 2006 Aug 25;141(2):929-37. Epub 2006 May 4. The vulnerability of different dopaminergic cell populations to damage caused by the herbicide paraquat was assessed by stereological counts of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive and calbindin-D28k-immunoreactive neurons in A9 (substantia nigra pars compacta) and A10 (ventral tegmental area and other cell groups). |
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| 16190885 | Ossowska K, Wardas J, Smialowska M, Kuter K, Lenda T, Wieronska JM, Zieba B, Nowak P, Dabrowska J, Bortel A, Kwiecinski A, Wolfarth S: A slowly developing dysfunction of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons induced by long-term paraquat administration in rats: an animal model of preclinical stages of Parkinson's disease?. Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Sep;22(6):1294-304. Twenty-four-week paraquat administration also decreased the level of tyrosine hydroxylase (Western blot) in the caudate-putamen. |
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| 12127150 | McCormack AL, Thiruchelvam M, Manning-Bog AB, Thiffault C, Langston JW, Cory-Slechta DA, Di Monte DA: Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol Dis. 2002 Jul;10(2):119-27. Repeated intraperitoneal paraquat injections killed dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, as assessed by stereological counting of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive and Nissl-stained neurons. |
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| 12716914 | Manning-Bog AB, McCormack AL, Purisai MG, Bolin LM, Di Monte DA: Alpha-synuclein overexpression protects against paraquat-induced neurodegeneration. J Neurosci. 2003 Apr 15;23(8):3095-9. Paraquat neurotoxicity was compared in control animals versus mice with transgenic expression of human alpha-synuclein driven by the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter. |
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| 17493592 | Kuter K, Smialowska M, Wieronska J, Zieba B, Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Nowak P, Biedka I, Roczniak W, Konieczny J, Wolfarth S, Ossowska K: Toxic influence of subchronic paraquat administration on dopaminergic neurons in rats. Brain Res. 2007 Jun 25;1155:196-207. Epub 2007 Apr 12. Paraquat decreased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the substantia nigra by 22% (measured 3 days after withdrawal). |
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| 16797138 | Ossowska K, Smialowska M, Kuter K, Wieronska J, Zieba B, Wardas J, Nowak P, Dabrowska J, Bortel A, Biedka I, Schulze G, Rommelspacher H: Degeneration of dopaminergic mesocortical neurons and activation of compensatory processes induced by a long-term paraquat administration in rats: implications for Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience. 2006 Sep 15;141(4):2155-65. Epub 2006 Jun 22. After 8 weeks of administration paraquat increased the number of stereologically counted tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons and their staining intensity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is a source of the mesocortical dopaminergic projection. |
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| 16321246 | Du YL, Liu ZG, Chen SD, Lu GQ: [Effects of different doses of on paraquat-induced neurotoxicity: an experiment with mice]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Sep 7;85(34):2400-3. Fluorescent microscopy was used to observe the fluorescent staining of paraquat in the substantia nigra in the acute experiment group and the fluorescent staining of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra in the chronic experiment group. in the chronic experiment group Western blotting was used to examine the protein expression of TH; thioflavine double labeling was used to observe the alpha-synuclein aggregation by immunofluoresence staining and Western blotting. |
6(0,0,1,1) | Details |
| 16157030 | Li X, Yin J, Cheng CM, Sun JL, Li Z, Wu YL: Paraquat induces selective dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration in aging C57BL/6 mice. Chin Med J. 2005 Aug 20;118(16):1357-61. Level of (DA) and its metabolites levels in the striatum were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD), and numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons were estimated using immunohistochemistry. |
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| 11124998 | Thiruchelvam M, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Cory-Slechta DA: The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 15;20(24):9207-14. Correspondingly, striatal TH protein levels were decreased only by combined PQ + MB 5 d after injection. |
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| 16019603 | Neckameyer WS, Weinstein JS: Stress affects dopaminergic signaling pathways in Drosophila melanogaster. Stress. 2005 Jun;8(2):117-31. Animals were exposed to a metabolic stress (starvation), an oxidative stress (via the generator paraquat) or a mechanical stress (gentle vortexing). The stress paradigms also resulted in alterations in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis. |
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| 16214209 | Li X, Matsumoto K, Murakami Y, Tezuka Y, Wu Y, Kadota S: Neuroprotective effects of Polygonum multiflorum on nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration induced by paraquat and maneb in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Oct;82(2):345-52. Epub 2005 Oct 7. This combination caused a reduction of spontaneous locomotor activity, motor incoordination, and declines of level in the striatum and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra. |
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| 19084006 | Prasad K, Tarasewicz E, Mathew J, Strickland PA, Buckley B, Richardson JR, Richfield EK: Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of paraquat accumulation in mouse brain. . Exp Neurol. 2009 Feb;215(2):358-67. Epub 2008 Nov 21. PQ decreased striatal levels after the 18th to 36th i.p. dose (10 mg/kg) and reduced the striatal level of tyrosine hydroxylase. |
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