Protein Information

Name glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
Synonyms CDABP0047; G3PD; GAPD; GAPD protein; GAPDH; Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPD proteins; Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenases

Compound Information

Name paraquat
CAS 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
10585871 Mitsumoto A, Kim KR, Oshima G, Kunimoto M, Okawa K, Iwamatsu A, Nakagawa Y: Glyoxalase I is a novel nitric-oxide-responsive protein. Biochem J. 1999 Dec 15;344 Pt 3:837-44.


Glox I was selectively inactivated by NO; compounds that induce oxidative stress (H (2) O (2), paraquat and arsenite) failed to inhibit this enzyme.
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17913294 Bustos DM, Bustamante CA, Iglesias AA: Involvement of non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in response to oxidative stress. J Plant Physiol. 2008 Mar 13;165(4):456-61. Epub 2007 Oct 25.

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10366417 Ejima K, Nanri H, Araki M, Uchida K, Kashimura M, Ikeda M: 17beta-estradiol induces protein thiol/disulfide oxidoreductases and protects cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jun;140(6):608-13.

METHODS: The regenerative effects of the protein thiol/disulfide oxidoreductases, PDI, Trx and Grx, on oxidatively damaged proteins were assayed using H2O2-inactivated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a reporter enzyme.
Other sex hormones such as progesterone and testosterone did not affect the contents of these oxidoreductases in BAECs. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-protein adducts, which are generated by lipid peroxidation, were accumulated in BAECs exposed to paraquat, whereas the pretreatment of BAECs with 17beta-estradiol suppressed their accumulation.
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17055214 Takizawa M, Komori K, Tampo Y, Yonaha M: Paraquat-induced oxidative stress and dysfunction of cellular redox systems including antioxidative defense enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Apr;21(3):355-63. Epub 2006 Sep 14.

Taken together, the results suggest that the reduced regenerative ability of oxidatively damaged proteins including GAPDH due to the inactivation of thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase by paraquat may contribute to increasing oxidative stress, leading to cell death.
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11814328 Tsukamoto M, Tampo Y, Sawada M, Yonaha M: Paraquat-induced oxidative stress and dysfunction of the glutathione redox cycle in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 15;178(2):82-92.

Viability loss was accompanied by increased glutathione-protein mixed disulfide formation, as well as a loss in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, indicating a low defense potential.
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11245791 Mano J, Ohno C, Domae Y, Asada K: Chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase is the primary target of methylviologen-induced photooxidative stress in spinach leaves: its relevance to monodehydroascorbate radical detected with in vivo ESR. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Apr 2;1504(2-3):275-87.


Following APX, superoxide dismutase and NADP (+)-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, both of which are vulnerable to H2O2, were inactivated by MV plus light.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12691523 Prieto-Alamo MJ, Cabrera-Luque JM, Pueyo C: Absolute quantitation of normal and ROS-induced patterns of gene expression: an in vivo real-time PCR study in mice. Gene Expr. 2003;11(1):23-34.

By absolute real-time PCR we demonstrate that the transcript amounts of two of the most popular internall controls (coding GAPDH and beta-actin) fluctuate dramatically across diverse mouse or human tissues.
Quantitations reported: i) determine mouse-to-mouse variability in basal gene expression, ii) establish organ- and embryo-associated differences in mouse, iii) compare mouse and human tissue-specific profiles, iv) examine the time course (30-240 min) expression in liver and lung of mice treated with paraquat (superoxide generator) at 30 mg kg (-1) (one half LD50 value), and v) explore the utility of absolute real-time PCR in field studies with genetically diverse mice.
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10036768 Yoo HY, Kim SS, Rho HM: Overexpression and simple purification of human superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in yeast and its resistance to oxidative stress. J Biotechnol. 1999 Feb 5;68(1):29-35.

The structural gene of human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (hSOD1) was cloned into a yeast expression vector containing the promoter of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene.
The yeast overexpressing hSOD1 appeared to be more resistant to oxidative stresses such as paraquat, menadione and heat shock.
1(0,0,0,1) Details