Protein Information

Name glutaredoxin
Synonyms GLRX; GRX; GRX 1; GRX1; Glutaredoxin; Glutaredoxin 1; TTase; TTase 1…

Compound Information

Name paraquat
CAS 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19542013 Figtree GA, Liu CC, Bibert S, Hamilton EJ, Garcia A, White CN, Chia KK, Cornelius F, Geering K, Rasmussen HH: Reversible oxidative modification: a key mechanism of Na+-K+ pump regulation. Circ Res. 2009 Jul 17;105(2):185-93. Epub 2009 Jun 18.

Glutaredoxin 1, which catalyzes deglutathionylation, coimmunoprecipitated with beta (1) subunit and, when included in patch pipette solutions, abolished paraquat-induced inhibition of myocyte Na (+)-K (+) pump current (I (p)).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
15796926 Chung WH, Kim KD, Roe JH: Localization and function of three monothiol glutaredoxins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 May 6;330(2):604-10.

Null mutation of grx3 did not significantly affect growth and resistance against various oxidants, whereas grx5 mutation caused slow growth and sensitivity toward oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and diamide.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
18955149 Benabdellah K, Merlos MA, Azcon-Aguilar C, Ferrol N: GintGRX1, the first characterized glomeromycotan glutaredoxin, is a multifunctional enzyme that responds to oxidative stress. Fungal Genet Biol. 2009 Jan;46(1):94-103. Epub 2008 Oct 14.

GintGRX1 was transcriptionally regulated by paraquat but not by hydrogen peroxide.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
15358115 Chung WH, Kim KD, Cho YJ, Roe JH: Differential expression and role of two dithiol glutaredoxins Grx1 and Grx2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Sep 3;321(4):922-9.

When tested in the same genetic background including mating type, the grx1 null mutant became sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, whereas grx2 mutant became highly sensitive to paraquat, a superoxide generator.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
12954614 Jurado J, Prieto-Alamo MJ, Madrid-Risquez J, Pueyo C: Absolute gene expression patterns of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin redox systems in mouse. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 14;278(46):45546-54. Epub 2003 Sep 3.

Quantitations reported establish differences among adult organs and embryonic stages, compare mRNA decay rates, explore the significance of alternative mRNA isoforms derived from TrxR1 and Grx2 genes, and examine the time-course expression upon superoxide stress promoted by paraquat.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15618434 Tsukamoto S, Morita S, Hirano E, Yokoi H, Masumura T, Tanaka K: A novel cis-element that is responsive to oxidative stress regulates three antioxidant defense genes in rice. Plant Physiol. 2005 Jan;137(1):317-27. Epub 2004 Dec 23.


In this study, we found that a 28-bp motif is conserved on the promoter regions of three antioxidant defense genes in rice (Oryza sativa): cytosolic superoxide dismutase (sodCc1), cytosolic thioredoxin (trxh), and glutaredoxin (grx).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17893043 Ho YS, Xiong Y, Ho DS, Gao J, Chua BH, Pai H, Mieyal JJ: Targeted disruption of the glutaredoxin 1 gene does not sensitize adult mice to tissue injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion and hyperoxia. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Nov 1;43(9):1299-312. Epub 2007 Aug 6.

To understand the physiological function of glutaredoxin, a thiotransferase catalyzing the reduction of mixed disulfides of protein and glutathione, we generated a line of knockout mice deficient in the cytosolic glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1).
In contrast, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from Grx1-deficient mice displayed an increased vulnerability to diquat and paraquat, but they were not more susceptible to cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H (2) O (2)) and diamide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12732627 Wang X, Phelan SA, Forsman-Semb K, Taylor EF, Petros C, Brown A, Lerner CP, Paigen B: Mice with targeted mutation of peroxiredoxin 6 develop normally but are susceptible to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 4;278(27):25179-90. Epub 2003 May 5.


To determine these functions, we generated Prdx6-targeted mutant (Prdx6-/-) mice, confirmed the gene disruption by Southern blots, PCR, RT-PCR, Western blots, and immunohistochemistry, and compared the effects of paraquat, hydrogen peroxide, and t-butyl hydroperoxide on Prdx6-/- and wild-type (Prdx6+/+) macrophages, and of paraquat on Prdx6-/- and Prdx6+/+ mice.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
17055214 Takizawa M, Komori K, Tampo Y, Yonaha M: Paraquat-induced oxidative stress and dysfunction of cellular redox systems including antioxidative defense enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Apr;21(3):355-63. Epub 2006 Sep 14.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
12576586 Comtois SL, Gidley MD, Kelly DJ: Role of the thioredoxin system and the thiol-peroxidases Tpx and Bcp in mediating resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress in Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology. 2003 Jan;149(Pt 1):121-9.


Mutation of trxA1 led to a pronounced increase in sensitivity to oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and the superoxide generator paraquat, as well as to the nitric oxide (NO) releasers sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), consistent with an in vivo role for Trx1 as a reductant for AhpC.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
10366417 Ejima K, Nanri H, Araki M, Uchida K, Kashimura M, Ikeda M: 17beta-estradiol induces protein thiol/disulfide oxidoreductases and protects cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jun;140(6):608-13.


Other sex hormones such as progesterone and testosterone did not affect the contents of these oxidoreductases in BAECs. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-protein adducts, which are generated by lipid peroxidation, were accumulated in BAECs exposed to paraquat, whereas the pretreatment of BAECs with 17beta-estradiol suppressed their accumulation.
0(0,0,0,0) Details