Protein Information

Name apolipoprotein E
Synonyms AD2; APOE; Apo E; Apolipoprotein E; Apolipoprotein E precursor; apoprotein; Apo Es; Apolipoprotein Es…

Compound Information

Name copper sulfate
CAS sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
7055585 Buhi WC, Gray WJ, Mansfield EA, Chun PW, Ducsay CA, Bazer FW, Roberts RM: Iron content and molecular weight of uteroferrin and a comparison of its iron and copper forms. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Feb 4;701(1):32-8.


Reduction with dithionite leads to loss of iron, allowing the apoprotein to be prepared.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
15896001 Pham T, Kodvawala A, Hui DY: The receptor binding domain of apolipoprotein E is responsible for its antioxidant activity. Biochemistry. 2005 May 24;44(20):7577-82.

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12729008 Arai H, Uchida K, Fukunaga K, Nagasaka Y, Mohri S, Furumoto H, Kuramitsu Y, Nakamura K: Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative modification of apolipoprotein E in human very-low-density lipoprotein. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 Feb;67(2):402-5.

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10375392 Arai H, Kashiwagi S, Nagasaka Y, Uchida K, Hoshii Y, Nakamura K: Oxidative modification of apolipoprotein E in human very-low-density lipoprotein and its inhibition by glycosaminoglycans. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999 Jul 1;367(1):1-8.

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2774578 DiSilvestro RA: Copper activation of superoxide dismutase in rat erythrocytes. . Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 Oct;274(1):298-303.


Several lines of evidence suggested that copper can activate a preexisting pool of superoxide dismutase (SOD) apoprotein in erythrocytes from copper-deficient rats.
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12757429 Goulter AB, Avella M, Botham KM, Elliott J: Chylomicron-remnant-like particles inhibit the basal nitric oxide pathway in porcine coronary artery and aortic endothelial cells. Clin Sci. 2003 Sep;105(3):363-71.


The effects of chylomicron remnants on the activity of basally produced nitric oxide (NO) from porcine coronary artery rings and porcine aortic endothelial cells were studied by investigating the effects of chylomicron-remnant-like particles (CMR-LPs) containing porcine apolipoprotein E on the vessel tone of porcine coronary arteries and on cGMP release by aortic endothelial cells.
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15999224 Miyazaki K: A hyperthermophilic laccase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Extremophiles. 2005 Dec;9(6):415-25. Epub 2005 Jul 6.


The recombinant enzyme, expressed as an apoprotein, was dialyzed against copper-containing buffer to yield a holoprotein.
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7545355 Preobrazhensky S, Trakht I, Chestkov V, Wentz M: Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for evaluation of lipoprotein oxidation. Anal Biochem. 1995 May 1;227(1):225-34.


In this paper we describe an immunochemical approach which can be used to measure the oxidation of isolated LDL and apoprotein B in unfractionated serum and to evaluate the effects of antioxidants on these processes.
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15955453 Rajasekaran NS, Sathyanarayanan S, Devaraj NS, Devaraj H: Chronic depletion of glutathione (GSH) and minimal modification of LDL in vivo: its prevention by glutathione mono ester (GME) therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Jun 30;1741(1-2):103-12. Epub 2004 Dec 15.


Upon in vitro oxidation with CuSO (4), the electrophoretic behavior of purified LDL-apoprotein-B on agarose gel showed an increased mobility in BSO-treated rats, indicative of in vivo modification of LDL to become susceptible for in vitro oxidation.
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12021277 Hanasaki K, Yamada K, Yamamoto S, Ishimoto Y, Saiga A, Ono T, Ikeda M, Notoya M, Kamitani S, Arita H: Potent modification of low density lipoprotein by group X secretory phospholipase A2 is linked to macrophage foam cell formation. J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 9;277(32):29116-24. Epub 2002 May 20.


Immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked expression of sPLA2-X in foam cell lesions in the arterial intima of high fat-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
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9245700 Keidar S, Attias J, Smith J, Breslow JL, Hayek T: The angiotensin-II receptor antagonist, losartan, inhibits LDL lipid peroxidation and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Jul 30;236(3):622-5.

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9554802 Hayek T, Attias J, Smith J, Breslow JL, Keidar S: Antiatherosclerotic and antioxidative effects of captopril in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Apr;31(4):540-4.

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