Protein Information

Name ubiquitin
Synonyms HMG20; RPS27A; UBA80; UBCEP 1; UBCEP1; UBA52; UBCEP 2; UBCEP2…

Compound Information

Name abscisic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16640601 Luo J, Shen G, Yan J, He C, Zhang H: AtCHIP functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of protein phosphatase 2A subunits and alters plant response to abscisic acid treatment. Plant J. 2006 May;46(4):649-57.
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17720613 Miura K, Jin JB, Hasegawa PM: Sumoylation, a post-translational regulatory process in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Oct;10(5):495-502. Epub 2007 Aug 27.

Specifically, Arabidopsis AtSUMO1/2 and SUMO E2 conjugation enzyme AtSCE1a are implicated in abscisic acid (ABA) responses and the ubiquitin-like SUMO protease 1 (ULP1) AtESD4 in flowering time regulation.
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19309463 Raab S, Drechsel G, Zarepour M, Hartung W, Koshiba T, Bittner F, Hoth S: Identification of a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that is required for suppression of premature senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009 Jul;59(1):39-51. Epub 2009 Feb 26.

In addition, saul1 mutants exhibit enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
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19373563 Du QL, Cui WZ, Zhang CH, Yu DY: GmRFP1 encodes a previously unknown RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in Soybean (Glycine max). Mol Biol Rep. 2010 Feb;37(2):685-93. Epub 2009 Apr 17.

The transcript was observed in all detected organs and was up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress, but down-regulated by cold and drought treatments.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
17220175 Dreher K, Callis J: Ubiquitin, hormones and biotic stress in plants. Ann Bot. 2007 May;99(5):787-822. Epub 2007 Jan 12.

Several examples are given of how targeted degradation of proteins affects downstream transcriptional regulation of hormone-responsive genes in the auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonate signalling pathways.
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16209355 Kowalczyk S, Hadowska E, Piekarska A: [Plant ubiquitylation and proteolytic systems, the key elements in hormonal signaling pathways]. Postepy Biochem. 2005;51(2):171-87.

The general function of the ubiquitylation systems is to conjugate ubiquitin to lysine residues within substrate proteins, thus targeting them for degradation by the proteasome.
The role of the SCF is to ubiquitylate repressors of hormone response (auxin, gibberellins), whereas in response to ethylene, abscisic acid and brassinosteroids the SCF participate in degradation of positive regulators in the absence of the hormone.
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19825556 Llorente F, Muskett P, Sanchez-Vallet A, Lopez G, Ramos B, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Jorda L, Parker J, Molina A: Repression of the auxin response pathway increases Arabidopsis susceptibility to necrotrophic fungi. Mol Plant. 2008 May;1(3):496-509.

In plants, resistance to necrotrophic pathogens depends on the interplay between different hormone systems, such as those regulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and abscisic acid.
Also, stabilization of the auxin transcriptional repressor AXR3 that is normally targeted for removal by the SCF-ubiquitin/proteasome machinery occurs upon P. cucumerina infection.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
18223036 Lee JH, Terzaghi W, Gusmaroli G, Charron JB, Yoon HJ, Chen H, He YJ, Xiong Y, Deng XW: Characterization of Arabidopsis and rice DWD proteins and their roles as substrate receptors for CUL4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases. Plant Cell. 2008 Jan;20(1):152-67. Epub 2008 Jan 25.

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20189809 Miura K, Hasegawa PM: Sumoylation and other ubiquitin-like post-translational modifications in plants. Trends Cell Biol. 2010 Feb 26.

Recent evidence has permitted inference of the mechanisms by which Ubl modifications regulate physiological processes such as cell-cycle progression, abscisic acid signaling, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses.
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17851112 Stone SL, Callis J: Ubiquitin ligases mediate growth and development by promoting protein death. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Dec;10(6):624-32. Epub 2007 Sep 11.

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18664614 Cho SK, Ryu MY, Song C, Kwak JM, Kim WT: Arabidopsis PUB22 and PUB23 are homologous U-Box E3 ubiquitin ligases that play combinatory roles in response to drought stress. Plant Cell. 2008 Jul;20(7):1899-914. Epub 2008 Jul 29.

The PUB22 and PUB23 genes were rapidly and coordinately induced by abiotic stresses but not by abscisic acid.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17041029 Cho SK, Chung HS, Ryu MY, Park MJ, Lee MM, Bahk YY, Kim J, Pai HS, Kim WT: Heterologous expression and molecular and cellular characterization of CaPUB1 encoding a hot pepper U-Box E3 ubiquitin ligase homolog. Plant Physiol. 2006 Dec;142(4):1664-82. Epub 2006 Oct 13.

RNA gel-blot analysis showed that CaPUB1 mRNA was induced rapidly by a broad spectrum of abiotic stresses, including drought, high salinity, cold temperature, and mechanical wounding, but not in response to ethylene, abscisic acid, or a bacterial pathogen, suggesting its role in the early events in the abiotic-related defense response.
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19499346 Jia F, Gampala SS, Mittal A, Luo Q, Rock CD: Cre-lox univector acceptor vectors for functional screening in protoplasts: analysis of Arabidopsis donor cDNAs encoding ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1-like protein phosphatases. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Aug;70(6):693-708. Epub 2009 Jun 6.

We have engineered Cre-lox UPS host acceptor vectors (pCR701- 705) with N-terminal epitope tags in frame with the loxH site and downstream from the maize Ubiquitin promoter for use in transient protoplast expression assays and particle bombardment transformation of monocots.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18375657 van den Burg HA, Tsitsigiannis DI, Rowland O, Lo J, Rallapalli G, Maclean D, Takken FL, Jones JD: The F-box protein ACRE189/ACIF1 regulates cell death and defense responses activated during pathogen recognition in tobacco and tomato. Plant Cell. 2008 Mar;20(3):697-719. Epub 2008 Mar 28.

Analysis of public expression profiling data suggests that Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of ACIF1 (VFBs) regulate defense responses via methyl jasmonate- and abscisic acid-responsive genes.
ACIF1 is recruited to SCF complexes (a class of ubiquitin E3 ligases), and the expression of ACIF1 F-box mutants in tobacco compromises the HR similarly to ACIF1 silencing.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20042252 Ni X, Tian Z, Liu J, Song B, Xie C: Cloning and molecular characterization of the potato RING finger protein gene StRFP1 and its function in potato broad-spectrum resistance against Phytophthora infestans. J Plant Physiol. 2010 Apr 15;167(6):488-96. Epub 2009 Dec 29.

Really interesting new gene (RING) finger proteins function as ubiquitin ligase and play key roles in biotic and abiotic stresses.
RT-PCR assays showed that StRFP1 was constitutively expressed in potato plants and significantly induced in detached potato leaves by P. infestans and plant defense-related signal molecules, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16792696 Ko JH, Yang SH, Han KH: Upregulation of an Arabidopsis RING-H2 gene, XERICO, confers drought tolerance through increased abscisic acid biosynthesis. Plant J. 2006 Aug;47(3):343-55. Epub 2006 Jun 22.

Yeast two-hybrid screening indicated that XERICO interacts with an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (AtUBC8) and ASK1-interacting F-box protein (AtTLP9), which is involved in the ABA-signaling pathway.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18815384 Wawrzynska A, Christiansen KM, Lan Y, Rodibaugh NL, Innes RW: Powdery mildew resistance conferred by loss of the ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1 protein kinase is suppressed by a missense mutation in KEEP ON GOING, a regulator of abscisic acid signaling. Plant Physiol. 2008 Nov;148(3):1510-22. Epub 2008 Sep 24.

The KEG protein has previously been shown to have ubiquitin ligase activity and to negatively regulate protein levels of the transcription factor ABCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20147494 Huang Y, Li CY, Pattison DL, Gray WM, Park S, Gibson SI: SUGAR INSENSITIVE3, a RING E3 ligase, is a new player in plant sugar response. Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb 10.

Unlike some other sugar-response mutants, sis3 exhibits wild-type responses to the inhibitory effects of abscisic acid and paclobutrazol, a gibberellic acid biosynthesis inhibitor, on seed germination.
Our results indicate that SIS3 encodes a ubiquitin E3 ligase that is a positive regulator of sugar signaling during early seedling development.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15155892 Pandey S, Assmann SM: The Arabidopsis putative G protein-coupled receptor GCR1 interacts with the G protein alpha subunit GPA1 and regulates abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell. 2004 Jun;16(6):1616-32. Epub 2004 May 21.

We demonstrate by in vitro pull-down assays, by yeast split-ubiquitin assays, and by coimmunoprecipitation from plant tissue that GCR1 and GPA1 are indeed physically coupled.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19829066 Miura K, Hasegawa PM: Sumoylation and abscisic acid signaling. Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Dec 10;4(12).

The conjugation of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to substrates (sumoylation) is one of posttranslational modification systems in eukaryotes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16317577 Raghavan C, Ong EK, Dalling MJ, Stevenson TW: Regulation of genes associated with auxin, ethylene and ABA pathways by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in Arabidopsis. Funct Integr Genomics. 2006 Jan;6(1):60-70. Epub 2005 Nov 22.

Trends Plant Sci 5:506-508) proposed that at high concentrations, auxins and auxinic herbicides induced the plant hormones ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA), leading to inhibited plant growth and senescence.
Results of this study indicated that 2,4-D induced the expression of auxin-response genes (IAA1, IAA13, IAA19) at both auxinic and herbicidal levels of application, whereas the TIR1 and ASK1 genes, which are associated with ubiquitin-mediated auxin signalling, were down-regulated in response to low concentrations of 2,4-D application.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18768909 Ghelis T, Bolbach G, Clodic G, Habricot Y, Miginiac E, Sotta B, Jeannette E: Protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in abscisic acid-dependent processes in Arabidopsis seeds and suspension cells. Plant Physiol. 2008 Nov;148(3):1668-80. Epub 2008 Sep 3.

Additionally, the identification of three putative signaling proteins, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, an RNA-binding protein, and a small ubiquitin-like modifier-conjugating enzyme, enlightens how Tyr phosphorylation might regulate ABA transduction pathways in plants.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19286935 Bu Q, Li H, Zhao Q, Jiang H, Zhai Q, Zhang J, Wu X, Sun J, Xie Q, Wang D, Li C: The Arabidopsis RING finger E3 ligase RHA2a is a novel positive regulator of abscisic acid signaling during seed germination and early seedling development. Plant Physiol. 2009 May;150(1):463-81. Epub 2009 Mar 13.

RHA2a is a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase, and its conserved RING domain is likely important for the biological function of RHA2a in ABA signaling.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17394013 Hsu YF, Wang CS, Raja R: Gene expression pattern at desiccation in the anther of Lilium longiflorum. Planta. 2007 Jul;226(2):311-22. Epub 2007 Mar 30.

The 14 gene proteins showed spatial and temporal expression patterns and may participate in membrane/cell wall synthesis, cytoskeletal organization, signaling, RNA binding, ubiquitin-mediated degradation and transportation during germination and tube growth.
Six genes were both dehydration- and abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible whereas the other eight genes were apparently dehydration-irrelevant.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16510513 Su J, Hirji R, Zhang L, He C, Selvaraj G, Wu R: Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of choline oxidase in transgenic rice as a strategy for producing the stress-protectant glycine betaine. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(5):1129-35. Epub 2006 Mar 1.


Several GB-producing transgenic rice lines were generated in which the Arthrobacter pascens choline oxidase (COX) gene, fused to a chloroplast targeting sequence (TP) was expressed under the control of an ABA-inducible promoter (SIP; stress-inducible promoter) or a ubiquitin (UBI) gene promoter that is considered to be constitutive.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17573536 Zhang Y, Yang C, Li Y, Zheng N, Chen H, Zhao Q, Gao T, Guo H, Xie Q: SDIR1 is a RING finger E3 ligase that positively regulates stress-responsive abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Jun;19(6):1912-29. Epub 2007 Jun 15.

We demonstrate that SDIR1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and that the RING finger conservation region is required for its activity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17933900 Zentella R, Zhang ZL, Park M, Thomas SG, Endo A, Murase K, Fleet CM, Jikumaru Y, Nambara E, Kamiya Y, Sun TP: Global analysis of della direct targets in early gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Oct;19(10):3037-57. Epub 2007 Oct 12.

In addition, one of the putative DELLA targets, XERICO, promotes accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) that antagonizes GA effects.
Recent studies demonstrated that GA, upon binding to its receptor, derepresses its signaling pathway by binding directly to DELLA proteins and targeting them for rapid degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19837819 Cheong MS, Park HC, Hong MJ, Lee J, Choi W, Jin JB, Bohnert HJ, Lee SY, Bressan RA, Yun DJ: Specific domain structures control abscisic acid-, salicylic acid-, and stress-mediated SIZ1 phenotypes. Plant Physiol. 2009 Dec;151(4):1930-42. Epub 2009 Oct 16.

SIZ1 (for yeast SAP and MIZ1) encodes the sole ortholog of mammalian PIAS (for protein inhibitor of activated STAT) and yeast SIZ SUMO (for small ubiquitin-related modifier) E3 ligases in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17905899 Catala R, Ouyang J, Abreu IA, Hu Y, Seo H, Zhang X, Chua NH: The Arabidopsis E3 SUMO ligase SIZ1 regulates plant growth and drought responses. Plant Cell. 2007 Sep;19(9):2952-66. Epub 2007 Sep 28.


Posttranslational modifications of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) regulate protein degradation and localization, protein-protein interaction, and transcriptional activity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16126850 Schultheiss H, Hensel G, Imani J, Broeders S, Sonnewald U, Kogel KH, Kumlehn J, Huckelhoven R: Ectopic expression of constitutively activated RACB in barley enhances susceptibility to powdery mildew and abiotic stress. Plant Physiol. 2005 Sep;139(1):353-62. Epub 2005 Aug 26.

We created transgenic barley plants expressing the constitutively activated RACB mutant racb-G15V under control of the maize (Zea mays) ubiquitin 1 promoter.
Water loss was associated with reduced responsiveness to abscisic acid in regard to transpiration when compared to segregants not expressing racb-G15V.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17618627 Monreal JA, Feria AB, Vinardell JM, Vidal J, Echevarria C, Garcia-Maurino S: ABA modulates the degradation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase in sorghum leaves. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jul 24;581(18):3468-72. Epub 2007 Jun 29.

This work shows that (1) abscisic acid (ABA) increased the rise in kinase activity in illuminated leaf disks of the non-stressed plant, (2) ABA decreased the disappearance of PEPC-k activity in the dark, (3) two PEPC-k genes expressed in sorghum leaves, PPCK1 and PPCK2, were not up-regulated by the phytohormone and, (4) ABA effects were mimicked by MG132, a powerful inhibitor of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Collectively these data support a role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the rapid turnover of PEPC-k.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19276109 Miura K, Lee J, Jin JB, Yoo CY, Miura T, Hasegawa PM: Sumoylation of ABI5 by the Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 negatively regulates abscisic acid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 31;106(13):5418-23. Epub 2009 Mar 10.

SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) conjugation (i.e., sumoylation) to protein substrates is a reversible posttranslational modification that regulates signaling by modulating transcription factor activity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19199048 Zhang ZL, Shin M, Zou X, Huang J, Ho TH, Shen QJ: A negative regulator encoded by a rice WRKY gene represses both abscisic acid and gibberellins signaling in aleurone cells. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 May;70(1-2):139-51. Epub 2009 Feb 7.

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16039901 Lorenzo O, Solano R: Molecular players regulating the jasmonate signalling network. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Oct;8(5):532-40.

Many plant developmental and stress responses require the coordinated interaction of the jasmonate and other signalling pathways, such as those for ethylene, salicylic acid and abscisic acid.
Genes that are involved in the regulation of protein stability through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (COI1, AXR1 and SGT1b), signalling proteins (MPK4) and transcription factors (AtMYC2, ERF1, NPR1 and WRKY70) form a regulatory network that allows the plant to fine-tune specific responses to different stimuli.
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15061689 Kulaeva ON, Prokoptseva OS: Recent advances in the study of mechanisms of action of phytohormones. Biochemistry. 2004 Mar;69(3):233-47.


This review highlights recent advances in studies of mechanisms underlying the effects of five phytohormone groups: auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
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