Protein Information

Name MAPK (protein family or complex)
Synonyms MAPK; mitogen activated protein kinase; mitogen activated protein kinases

Compound Information

Name abscisic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
20130100 De Vleesschauwer D, Yang Y, Vera Cruz C, Hofte M: Abscisic acid-induced resistance against the brown spot pathogen Cochliobolus miyabeanus in rice involves MAPK-mediated repression of ethylene signaling. Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb 3.
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19424717 Ding H, Zhang A, Wang J, Lu R, Zhang H, Zhang J, Jiang M: Identity of an ABA-activated 46 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase from Zea mays leaves: partial purification, identification and characterization. Planta. 2009 Jul;230(2):239-51. Epub 2009 May 8.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been shown to be important components in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction pathway.
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16913865 Hua ZM, Yang X, Fromm ME: Activation of the NaCl- and drought-induced RD29A and RD29B promoters by constitutively active Arabidopsis MAPKK or MAPK proteins. Plant Cell Environ. 2006 Sep;29(9):1761-70.

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes 10 MKKs, but few of these have been shown directly to activate any of the 20 Arabidopsis MAPKs (AtMPKs) and NaCl-, drought- or abscisic acid (ABA)-induced genes RD29A or RD29B.
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19002491 Zong XJ, Li DP, Gu LK, Li DQ, Liu LX, Hu XL: Abscisic acid and hydrogen peroxide induce a novel maize group C MAP kinase gene, ZmMPK7, which is responsible for the removal of reactive oxygen species. Planta. 2009 Feb;229(3):485-95. Epub 2008 Nov 11.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses.
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16531060 Zhang T, Liu Y, Xue L, Xu S, Chen T, Yang T, Zhang L, An L: Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel MAP kinase gene in Chorispora bungeana. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2006 Jan;44(1):78-84. Epub 2006 Feb 3.


Since it is a stress-tolerant plant, we investigated the participation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as possible mediators of abiotic stresses.
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17464219 You MK, Oh SI, Ok SH, Cho SK, Shin HY, Jeung JU, Shin JS: Identification of putative MAPK kinases in Oryza minuta and O. sativa responsive to biotic stresses. Mol Cells. 2007 Feb 28;23(1):108-14.

Transcript patterns following imbibition of plant hormones such as methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), ethephone, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as exposure to methyl viologen (MV), revealed that the expression of OmMKK1 is related to defense response signaling pathways.
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18066586 Lee MO, Cho K, Kim SH, Jeong SH, Kim JA, Jung YH, Shim J, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Tamogami S, Kubo A, Agrawal GK, Jwa NS: Novel rice OsSIPK is a multiple stress responsive MAPK family member showing rhythmic expression at mRNA level. Planta. 2008 Apr;227(5):981-90. Epub 2007 Dec 8.

A time course (30-120 min) experiment using a variety of elicitors and stresses revealed that the OsSIPK mRNA is strongly induced by jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethephon, abscisic acid, cycloheximide (CHX), JA/SA + CHX, cantharidin, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chitosan, sodium chloride, and cold stress (12 degrees C), but not with wounding by cut, gaseous pollutants ozone, and sulfur dioxide, high temperature, ultraviolet C irradiation, sucrose, and drought.
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16673940 Reyna NS, Yang Y: Molecular analysis of the rice MAP kinase gene family in relation to Magnaporthe grisea infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2006 May;19(5):530-40.

Four of the M. grisea-induced OsMPK genes were associated with host-cell death in the lesion-mimic rice mutant, and eight of them were differentially induced in response to defense signal molecules such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses.
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19688272 Ghawana S, Kumar S, Ahuja PS: Early low-temperature responsive mitogen activated protein kinases RaMPK1 and RaMPK2 from Rheum australe D. Mol Biol Rep. 2010 Feb;37(2):933-8. Epub 2009 Aug 18.

Abscisic acid (ABA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) also down-regulated RaMPK1.
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20007444 Ning J, Li X, Hicks LM, Xiong L: A Raf-like MAPKKK gene DSM1 mediates drought resistance through reactive oxygen species scavenging in rice. Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb;152(2):876-90. Epub 2009 Dec 9.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been identified in various signaling pathways involved in plant development and stress responses.
By real-time PCR analysis, the DSM1 gene was induced by salt, drought, and abscisic acid, but not by cold.
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19910530 Jammes F, Song C, Shin D, Munemasa S, Takeda K, Gu D, Cho D, Lee S, Giordo R, Sritubtim S, Leonhardt N, Ellis BE, Murata Y, Kwak JM: MAP kinases MPK9 and MPK12 are preferentially expressed in guard cells and positively regulate ROS-mediated ABA signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 1;106(48):20520-5. Epub 2009 Nov 12.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells.
To dissect guard cell ABA-ROS signaling genetically, a cell type-specific functional genomics approach was used to identify 2 MAPK genes, MPK9 and MPK12, which are preferentially and highly expressed in guard cells.
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18248592 Xing Y, Jia W, Zhang J: AtMKK1 mediates ABA-induced CAT1 expression and H2O2 production via AtMPK6-coupled signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2008 May;54(3):440-51. Epub 2008 Jan 31.


Here we report the dependence of CAT1 expression and H (2) O (2) production on a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade.
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17875432 Tuteja N: Mechanisms of high salinity tolerance in plants. Methods Enzymol. 2007;428:419-38.


This chapter first describes the adverse effect of salinity stress and general pathway for the plant stress response, followed by roles of various ion pumps, calcium, SOS pathways, ABA, transcription factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases, glycine betaine, proline, reactive oxygen species, and DEAD-box helicases in salinity stress tolerance.
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15292193 Boudsocq M, Barbier-Brygoo H, Lauriere C: Identification of nine sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinases 2 activated by hyperosmotic and saline stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 1;279(40):41758-66. Epub 2004 Jul 29.

In contrast, none of the SnRK2 were activated by cold treatment, whereas abscisic acid only activated five of the nine SnRK2.
Using a family-specific antibody raised against the 10 SnRK2, we demonstrated that these non-MAPK protein kinases activated by hyperosmolarity in cell suspension were SnRK2 proteins.
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19201916 Pitzschke A, Hirt H: Disentangling the complexity of mitogen-activated protein kinases and reactive oxygen species signaling. Plant Physiol. 2009 Feb;149(2):606-15.

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17408486 Ma S, Bohnert HJ: Integration of Arabidopsis thaliana stress-related transcript profiles, promoter structures, and cell-specific expression. Genome Biol. 2007;8(4):R49.

Ubiquitous stress responses in Arabidopsis, similar to those of fungi and animals, employ genes in pathways related to mitogen-activated protein kinases, Snf1-related kinases, vesicle transport, mitochondrial functions, and the transcription machinery.
The abscisic acid-dependent transcriptome is delineated in the cluster structure, whereas functions that are dependent on reactive oxygen species are widely distributed, indicating that evolutionary pressures confer distinct responses to different stresses in time and space.
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18283488 Ortiz-Masia D, Perez-Amador MA, Carbonell P, Aniento F, Carbonell J, Marcote MJ: Characterization of PsMPK2, the first C1 subgroup MAP kinase from pea (Pisum sativum L.). Planta. 2008 May;227(6):1333-42. Epub 2008 Feb 19.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a key role in plant growth and development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses.
Expression of PsMPK2 in Arabidopsis thaliana shows that mechanical injury and other stress signals as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and hydrogen peroxide increase its kinase activity, extending previous results indicating that C1 subgroup MAPKs may be involved in the response to stress.
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18179780 Liu PF, Chang WC, Wang YK, Chang HY, Pan RL: Signaling pathways mediating the suppression of Arabidopsis thaliana Ku gene expression by abscisic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Mar;1779(3):164-74. Epub 2007 Dec 15.

Moreover, analysis of inhibitor treatments and ABA-responsive mutants suggested that AtKu repression by ABA was mediated through the pathway of extracellular Ca (2+), phospholipase D alpha, p38-type mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), MAPK6 and ABA transcription factors, ABI3 and ABI5.
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17433310 Ortiz-Masia D, Perez-Amador MA, Carbonell J, Marcote MJ: Diverse stress signals activate the C1 subgroup MAP kinases of Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett. 2007 May 1;581(9):1834-40. Epub 2007 Apr 9.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in mediating stress responses in plants.
Other stress signals, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide, activated AtMPK1/2.
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16024689 Heese A, Ludwig AA, Jones JD: Rapid phosphorylation of a syntaxin during the Avr9/Cf-9-race-specific signaling pathway. Plant Physiol. 2005 Aug;138(4):2406-16. Epub 2005 Jul 15.

Although protein phosphorylation is required for many early Avr9/Cf-9-signaling events, so far the only phosphorylation targets known in this race-specific signaling pathway are three kinases: the two mitogen-activated protein kinases, wound-induced protein kinase and salicylic acid-induced protein kinase, and the calcium-dependent protein kinase NtCDPK2.
The syntaxin was detected with an antibody against NtSyp121, a plasma membrane-localized syntaxin implicated in abscisic acid responses and secretion.
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15356325 Baier M, Stroher E, Dietz KJ: The acceptor availability at photosystem I and ABA control nuclear expression of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Aug;45(8):997-1006.

Inhibitor studies with PD98059 and staurosporine showed that a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase transmits the oxidative response, while the antioxidant signal is transmitted by a serine/threonine kinase.
Analysis of 2CPA promoter regulation in the abscisic acid (ABA)-biosynthetic mutants aba2 and aba3 and the ABA-insensitive mutants abi1 and abi2 support a regulatory circuitry in which the redox signal cross-talks with the ABA-signaling cascade downstream of ABI1 and ABI2.
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14985766 Rentel MC, Lecourieux D, Ouaked F, Usher SL, Petersen L, Okamoto H, Knight H, Peck SC, Grierson CS, Hirt H, Knight MR: OXI1 kinase is necessary for oxidative burst-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis. Nature. 2004 Feb 26;427(6977):858-61.

In plants these include such diverse processes as coping with stress (for example pathogen attack, wounding and oxygen deprivation), abscisic-acid-induced guard-cell closure, and cellular development (for example root hair growth).
OXI1 is required for full activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6 after treatment with AOS or elicitor and is necessary for at least two very different AOS-mediated processes: basal resistance to Peronospora parasitica infection, and root hair growth.
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16814558 Blanco FA, Zanetti ME, Casalongue CA, Daleo GR: Molecular characterization of a potato MAP kinase transcriptionally regulated by multiple environmental stresses. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2006 May-Jun;44(5-6):315-22. Epub 2006 Jun 16.


Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a DNA fragment corresponding to a Solanum tuberosum MAPK, StMPK1, was isolated.
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17728292 Xing Y, Jia W, Zhang J: AtMEK1 mediates stress-induced gene expression of CAT1 catalase by triggering H2O2 production in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(11):2969-81. Epub 2007 Aug 28.


It is reported here that ABA-, drought-, and salt stress-induced gene expression of CAT1 catalase is mediated by AtMEK1, an Arabidopsis MAPK kinase, by triggering H (2) O (2) signal production.
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19764773 Chen YE, Yuan S, Du JB, Xu MY, Zhang ZW, Lin HH: Phosphorylation of photosynthetic antenna protein CP29 and photosystem II structure changes in monocotyledonous plants under environmental stresses. Biochemistry. 2009 Oct 20;48(41):9757-63.

Abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), NO, and the scavenger of H (2) O (2) had weak effects on CP29 phosphorylation.
However, three protein kinase inhibitors, U0126, W7, and K252a (for mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ca (2+)-dependent protein kinase, and Ser/Thr protein kinases, respectively), decrease the level of CP29 phosphorylation in barley apparently under environmental stresses.
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17688580 MacRobbie EA, Kurup S: Signalling mechanisms in the regulation of vacuolar ion release in guard cells. New Phytol. 2007;175(4):630-40.

Pharmacological agents were used to investigate the possible involvement of actin in signalling chains associated with abscisic acid (ABA)-induced ion release from the guard cell vacuole, a process which is absolutely essential for stomatal closure.
At 10 microm ABA prevention of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation by PD98059 partially inhibited closure and reduced the efflux transient.
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18332225 Neill S, Barros R, Bright J, Desikan R, Hancock J, Harrison J, Morris P, Ribeiro D, Wilson I: Nitric oxide, stomatal closure, and abiotic stress. J Exp Bot. 2008;59(2):165-76.


Stomatal closure, initiated by abscisic acid (ABA), is effected through a complex symphony of intracellular signalling in which NO appears to be one component.
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19778406 Ding HD, Zhang XH, Xu SC, Sun LL, Jiang MY, Zhang AY, Jin YG: Induction of protection against paraquat-induced oxidative damage by abscisic acid in maize leaves is mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Integr Plant Biol. 2009 Oct;51(10):961-72.
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19592501 Lin F, Ding H, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Tan M, Dong W, Jiang M: Positive feedback regulation of maize NADPH oxidase by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in abscisic acid signalling. J Exp Bot. 2009;60(11):3221-38. Epub 2009 Jul 10.

In maize (Zea mays), abscisic acid (ABA)-induced H (2) O (2) production activates a 46 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (p46MAPK), and the activation of p46MAPK also regulates the production of H (2) O (2).
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17547665 Zhang A, Jiang M, Zhang J, Ding H, Xu S, Hu X, Tan M: Nitric oxide induced by hydrogen peroxide mediates abscisic acid-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in antioxidant defense in maize leaves. New Phytol. 2007;175(1):36-50.
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16531486 Zhang A, Jiang M, Zhang J, Tan M, Hu X: Mitogen-activated protein kinase is involved in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defense and acts downstream of reactive oxygen species production in leaves of maize plants. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jun;141(2):475-87. Epub 2006 Mar 10.
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