Protein Information

Name G proteins
Synonyms G gamma I; Guanine nucleotide binding protein 2; G protein; GNG 2; GNG2; GNGT 2; GNGT2; Guanine nucleotide binding protein gamma 2…

Compound Information

Name abscisic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16415218 Warpeha KM, Lateef SS, Lapik Y, Anderson M, Lee BS, Kaufman LS: G-protein-coupled receptor 1, G-protein Galpha-subunit 1, and prephenate dehydratase 1 are required for blue light-induced production of phenylalanine in etiolated Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2006 Mar;140(3):844-55. Epub 2006 Jan 13.

Data are also presented to confirm that abscisic acid can act through the same pathway.
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16714312 Chen Y, Ji F, Xie H, Liang J: Overexpression of the regulator of G-protein signalling protein enhances ABA-mediated inhibition of root elongation and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(9):2101-10. Epub 2006 May 19.

In the experiments reported here, the overexpression approach was used to present evidence that RGS1 protein plays critical roles in plant development and in modulating abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress signal transduction.
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18441222 Trusov Y, Zhang W, Assmann SM, Botella JR: Ggamma1 + Ggamma2 not equal to Gbeta: heterotrimeric G protein Ggamma-deficient mutants do not recapitulate all phenotypes of Gbeta-deficient mutants. Plant Physiol. 2008 Jun;147(2):636-49. Epub 2008 Apr 25.

Heterotrimeric G proteins are signaling molecules ubiquitous among all eukaryotes.
While Gbeta-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to abscisic acid inhibition of seed germination and are hyposensitive to abscisic acid inhibition of stomatal opening and guard cell inward K+ currents, none of the available Ggamma-deficient mutants shows any deviation from the wild type in these responses, nor do they show the hypocotyl elongation and hook development defects that are characteristic of Gbeta-deficient mutants.
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16291769 Assmann SM: G protein signaling in the regulation of rice seed germination. Sci STKE. 2005 Nov 15;2005(310):cm12.

The plant hormones gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are particularly important positive and negative regulators of these processes, respectively.
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20166762 Zhao Z, Stanley BA, Zhang W, Assmann SM: ABA-Regulated G Protein Signaling in Arabidopsis Guard Cells: A Proteomic Perspective. J Proteome Res. 2010 Mar 10.

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17389374 Bruzzone S, Moreschi I, Usai C, Guida L, Damonte G, Salis A, Scarfi S, Millo E, De Flora A, Zocchi E: Abscisic acid is an endogenous cytokine in human granulocytes with cyclic ADP-ribose as second messenger. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 3;104(14):5759-64. Epub 2007 Mar 26.

Here, we provide evidence that ABA stimulates several functional activities [phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) production, and chemotaxis] of human granulocytes through a signaling pathway sequentially involving a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein/receptor complex, protein kinase A activation, ADP-ribosyl cyclase phosphorylation, and consequent cyclic-ADP-ribose overproduction, leading to an increase of the intracellular Ca (2+) concentration.
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16384900 Bethke PC, Hwang YS, Zhu T, Jones RL: Global patterns of gene expression in the aleurone of wild-type and dwarf1 mutant rice. Plant Physiol. 2006 Feb;140(2):484-98. Epub 2005 Dec 29.


The d1 protein is the sole alpha-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins in rice.
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16152656 Komatsu S, Abbasi F, Kobori E, Fujisawa Y, Kato H, Iwasaki Y: Proteomic analysis of rice embryo: an approach for investigating Galpha protein-regulated proteins. Proteomics. 2005 Oct;5(15):3932-41.

However, the phytohormone abscisic acid promoted the expression level of RACK after imbibition in the wild type as compared with d1 mutant.
The rice dwarf1 (d1) mutant, which lacks the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein (Galpha protein), shows abnormal morphology due to shortened internodes, dark green leaves and grains that are small and round.
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16099207 Zhang W, Yu L, Zhang Y, Wang X: Phospholipase D in the signaling networks of plant response to abscisic acid and reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Sep 5;1736(1):1-9.

Effector proteins that have been identified for PLD and PA in plants include a heterotrimeric G protein, protein phosphatase, and protein kinase.
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18784081 Bruzzone S, Bodrato N, Usai C, Guida L, Moreschi I, Nano R, Antonioli B, Fruscione F, Magnone M, Scarfi S, De Flora A, Zocchi E: Abscisic acid is an endogenous stimulator of insulin release from human pancreatic islets with cyclic ADP ribose as second messenger. J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 21;283(47):32188-97. Epub 2008 Sep 10.

The signaling cascade triggered by ABA in insulin-releasing cells sequentially involves a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, cAMP overproduction, protein kinase A-mediated activation of the ADP-ribosyl cyclase CD38, and cyclic ADP-ribose overproduction.
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16126850 Schultheiss H, Hensel G, Imani J, Broeders S, Sonnewald U, Kogel KH, Kumlehn J, Huckelhoven R: Ectopic expression of constitutively activated RACB in barley enhances susceptibility to powdery mildew and abiotic stress. Plant Physiol. 2005 Sep;139(1):353-62. Epub 2005 Aug 26.

Small RAC/ROP-family G proteins regulate development and stress responses in plants.
Water loss was associated with reduced responsiveness to abscisic acid in regard to transpiration when compared to segregants not expressing racb-G15V.
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15155892 Pandey S, Assmann SM: The Arabidopsis putative G protein-coupled receptor GCR1 interacts with the G protein alpha subunit GPA1 and regulates abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell. 2004 Jun;16(6):1616-32. Epub 2004 May 21.

Heterotrimeric G proteins composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits link ligand perception by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with downstream effectors, providing a ubiquitous signaling mechanism in eukaryotes.
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19638476 Galvez-Valdivieso G, Fryer MJ, Lawson T, Slattery K, Truman W, Smirnoff N, Asami T, Davies WJ, Jones AM, Baker NR, Mullineaux PM: The high light response in Arabidopsis involves ABA signaling between vascular and bundle sheath cells. Plant Cell. 2009 Jul;21(7):2143-62. Epub 2009 Jul 28.

Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling has been postulated to be involved in this network.
This signaling network includes the Galpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, the OPEN STOMATA1 protein kinase, and extracellular H2O2, which together coordinate with a redox-retrograde signal from BSC chloroplasts to activate APX2 expression.
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20238175 Gao Y, Li T, Liu Y, Ren C, Zhao Y, Wang M: Isolation and characterization of gene encoding G protein alpha subunit protein responsive to plant hormones and abiotic stresses in Brassica napus. Mol Biol Rep. 2010 Mar 18.

G protein plays an important role in signal pathways and involved in various signal transduction systems in plant.
The expression of BnGA1 was significantly induced by the high concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR).
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15202712 Kolla VA, Suhita D, Raghavendra AS: Marked changes in volume of mesophyll protoplasts of pea (Pisum sativum) on exposure to growth hormones. J Plant Physiol. 2004 May;161(5):557-62.


Four plant hormones: gibberellic acid (GA3), indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA)(+/-) and methyl jasmonate (MJ), caused marked changes in the volume of mesophyll protoplasts.
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19286934 Risk JM, Day CL, Macknight RC: Reevaluation of abscisic acid-binding assays shows that G-Protein-Coupled Receptor2 does not bind abscisic Acid. Plant Physiol. 2009 May;150(1):6-11. Epub 2009 Mar 13.

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16581874 Pandey S, Chen JG, Jones AM, Assmann SM: G-protein complex mutants are hypersensitive to abscisic acid regulation of germination and postgermination development. Plant Physiol. 2006 May;141(1):243-56. Epub 2006 Mar 31.
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19054360 Trusov Y, Sewelam N, Rookes JE, Kunkel M, Nowak E, Schenk PM, Botella JR: Heterotrimeric G proteins-mediated resistance to necrotrophic pathogens includes mechanisms independent of salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid/ethylene- and abscisic acid-mediated defense signaling. Plant J. 2008 Nov 28.
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19135895 Pandey S, Nelson DC, Assmann SM: Two novel GPCR-type G proteins are abscisic acid receptors in Arabidopsis. Cell. 2009 Jan 9;136(1):136-48.
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16361523 Chen Y, Ji F, Xie H, Liang J, Zhang J: The regulator of G-protein signaling proteins involved in sugar and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jan;140(1):302-10. Epub 2005 Dec 16.
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19651700 Guo J, Wang S, Wang J, Huang WD, Liang J, Chen JG: Dissection of the relationship between RACK1 and heterotrimeric G-proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009 Sep;50(9):1681-94. Epub 2009 Aug 3.

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19826234 Tuteja N: Signaling through G protein coupled receptors. . Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Oct;4(10):942-7. Epub 2009 Oct 14.


Heterotrimeric G proteins (Galpha, Gbeta/Ggamma subunits) constitute one of the most important components of cell signaling cascade.
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15613689 Assmann SM: Plant G proteins, phytohormones, and plasticity: three questions and a speculation. Sci STKE. 2004 Dec 21;2004(264):re20.

Such mutants exhibit altered responsiveness to a number of plant hormones, including gibberellins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and auxin.
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18541915 Fan LM, Zhang W, Chen JG, Taylor JP, Jones AM, Assmann SM: Abscisic acid regulation of guard-cell K+ and anion channels in Gbeta- and RGS-deficient Arabidopsis lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 17;105(24):8476-81. Epub 2008 Jun 9.

In mammals, basal currents through G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K (+) (GIRK) channels are repressed by Galpha (i/o) GDP, and the channels are activated by direct binding of free Gbetagamma subunits released upon stimulation of Galpha (i/o)-coupled receptors.
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17383830 Chakravorty D, Botella JR: Over-expression of a truncated Arabidopsis thaliana heterotrimeric G protein gamma subunit results in a phenotype similar to alpha and beta subunit knockouts. Gene. 2007 May 15;393(1-2):163-70. Epub 2007 Feb 24.


Heterotrimeric G proteins (G-proteins) are a diverse class of signal transducing proteins which have been implicated in a variety of important roles in plants.
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19513236 Chen JG: Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling in Arabidopsis: Puzzling G-protein-coupled receptor. Plant Signal Behav. 2008 Dec;3(12):1042-5.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, GCR2 has been proposed as a GPCR for the plant hormone abscisic acid.
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19667068 Sturla L, Fresia C, Guida L, Bruzzone S, Scarfi S, Usai C, Fruscione F, Magnone M, Millo E, Basile G, Grozio A, Jacchetti E, Allegretti M, De Flora A, Zocchi E: LANCL2 is necessary for abscisic acid binding and signaling in human granulocytes and in rat insulinoma cells. J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 9;284(41):28045-57. Epub 2009 Aug 10.

ABA autocrinally stimulates the functional activities specific for each cell type through a receptor-operated signal transduction pathway, sequentially involving a pertussis toxin-sensitive receptor/G-protein complex, cAMP, CD38-produced cADP-ribose and intracellular calcium.
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16614222 Mishra G, Zhang W, Deng F, Zhao J, Wang X: A bifurcating pathway directs abscisic acid effects on stomatal closure and opening in Arabidopsis. Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):264-6.

Here, we show that phospholipase Dalpha1 (PLDalpha1) mediates the ABA effects on stomata through interaction with a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein) in Arabidopsis.
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17999646 Ding L, Pandey S, Assmann SM: Arabidopsis extra-large G proteins (XLGs) regulate root morphogenesis. Plant J. 2008 Jan;53(2):248-63. Epub 2007 Nov 12.

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16267057 Assmann SM: G protein signaling in the regulation of Arabidopsis seed germination. Sci STKE. 2005 Nov 1;2005(308):cm11.

The plant hormones gibberellic acid (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are important positive regulators of these processes, whereas the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a potent negative regulator.
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