Protein Information

Name protein phosphatases
Synonyms DUSP17; DUSP19; Dual specificity phosphatase 19; Dual specificity protein phosphatase 19; Dual specificity phosphatase TS DSP1; LMW DSP3; Protein phosphatase; Protein phosphatase SKRP1…

Compound Information

Name abscisic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19266168 Komatsu K, Nishikawa Y, Ohtsuka T, Taji T, Quatrano RS, Tanaka S, Sakata Y: Functional analyses of the ABI1-related protein phosphatase type 2C reveal evolutionarily conserved regulation of abscisic acid signaling between Arabidopsis and the moss Physcomitrella patens. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Jun;70(3):327-40. Epub 2009 Mar 6.
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17304219 de Torres-Zabala M, Truman W, Bennett MH, Lafforgue G, Mansfield JW, Rodriguez Egea P, Bogre L, Grant M: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato hijacks the Arabidopsis abscisic acid signalling pathway to cause disease. EMBO J. 2007 Mar 7;26(5):1434-43. Epub 2007 Feb 15.

Strongly induced were NCED3, encoding a key enzyme of ABA biosynthesis, and the abscisic acid insensitive 1 (ABI1) clade of genes encoding protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) involved in the regulation of ABA signalling.
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16890477 DeLong A: Switching the flip: protein phosphatase roles in signaling pathways. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2006 Oct;9(5):470-7. Epub 2006 Aug 4.

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19769575 Szostkiewicz I, Richter K, Kepka M, Demmel S, Ma Y, Korte A, Assaad FF, Christmann A, Grill E: Closely related receptor complexes differ in their ABA selectivity and sensitivity. Plant J. 2010 Jan;61(1):25-35. Epub 2009 Sep 21.

In the case of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), which regulates plant responses to abiotic stress, perception seems to occur both at the plasma membrane and in the cytosol.
The cytosolic receptors for ABA have recently been identified as complexes between protein phosphatases 2C (PP2C) and regulatory components (RCAR/PYR/PYL) that bind ABA.
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19181866 Sirichandra C, Wasilewska A, Vlad F, Valon C, Leung J: The guard cell as a single-cell model towards understanding drought tolerance and abscisic acid action. J Exp Bot. 2009;60(5):1439-63. Epub 2009 Jan 30.

General inhibitors of protein kinases and protein phosphatases have been shown to profoundly affect guard cell membrane transport properties.
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19924127 Fujii H, Chinnusamy V, Rodrigues A, Rubio S, Antoni R, Park SY, Cutler SR, Sheen J, Rodriguez PL, Zhu JK: In vitro reconstitution of an abscisic acid signalling pathway. Nature. 2009 Dec 3;462(7273):660-4. Epub 2009 Nov 18.

Here we show that by combining the recently identified ABA receptor PYR1 with the type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C) ABI1, the serine/threonine protein kinase SnRK2.6/OST1 and the transcription factor ABF2/AREB1, we can reconstitute ABA-triggered phosphorylation of the transcription factor in vitro.
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16876791 Robert N, Merlot S, N'guyen V, Boisson-Dernier A, Schroeder JI: A hypermorphic mutation in the protein phosphatase 2C HAB1 strongly affects ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett. 2006 Aug 21;580(19):4691-6. Epub 2006 Jul 24.

Protein phosphatases of the 2C family (PP2C) function in the regulation of several signaling pathways from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the HAB1 PP2C is a negative regulator of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
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20015065 Chen ZH, Hills A, Lim CK, Blatt MR: Dynamic regulation of guard cell anion channels by cytosolic free Ca (2+) concentration and protein phosphorylation. Plant J. 2009 Dec 15.

Activation of I (anion) has been associated with abscisic acid (ABA) and its elevation of the cytosolic free Ca (2+) concentration ([Ca (2+)](i)).
The protein phosphatase antagonist okadaic acid increased this current baseline over twofold.
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19513234 Baguma Y, Sun C, Boren M, Olsson H, Rosenqvist S, Mutisya J, Rubaihayo PR, Jansson C: Sugar-mediated semidian oscillation of gene expression in the cassava storage root regulates starch synthesis. Plant Signal Behav. 2008 Jul;3(7):439-45.

Both the sugar and ABA signaling cascades were disrupted by okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor.
Abscisic acid (ABA) was another potent inducer of SBE expression.
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19407143 Ma Y, Szostkiewicz I, Korte A, Moes D, Yang Y, Christmann A, Grill E: Regulators of PP2C phosphatase activity function as abscisic acid sensors. Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1064-8. Epub 2009 Apr 30.

Key players in ABA signal transduction include the type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) ABI1 and ABI2, which act by negatively regulating ABA responses.
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19825533 Wasilewska A, Vlad F, Sirichandra C, Redko Y, Jammes F, Valon C, Frei dit Frey N, Leung J: An update on abscisic acid signaling in plants and more.. . Mol Plant. 2008 Mar;1(2):198-217. Epub 2008 Jan 14.

Sucrose Non-Fermenting Related Kinases (SnRK), Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPK), Protein Phosphatases (PP) of the 2C and 2A classes figure as prominent regulators in this single-cell model.
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16099207 Zhang W, Yu L, Zhang Y, Wang X: Phospholipase D in the signaling networks of plant response to abscisic acid and reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Sep 5;1736(1):1-9.

Effector proteins that have been identified for PLD and PA in plants include a heterotrimeric G protein, protein phosphatase, and protein kinase.
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16571665 Yang Y, Sulpice R, Himmelbach A, Meinhard M, Christmann A, Grill E: Fibrillin expression is regulated by abscisic acid response regulators and is involved in abscisic acid-mediated photoprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 11;103(15):6061-6. Epub 2006 Mar 29.

Protein interaction analysis identified the protein phosphatase ABI2 to target the preprotein of fibrillin.
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19933100 Nishimura N, Hitomi K, Arvai AS, Rambo RP, Hitomi C, Cutler SR, Schroeder JI, Getzoff ED: Structural mechanism of abscisic acid binding and signaling by dimeric PYR1. Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1373-9. Epub 2009 Oct 22.

Site-directed PYR1 mutants designed to disrupt hormone binding lose ABA-triggered interactions with type 2C protein phosphatase partners in planta.
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16998070 Miao Y, Lv D, Wang P, Wang XC, Chen J, Miao C, Song CP: An Arabidopsis glutathione peroxidase functions as both a redox transducer and a scavenger in abscisic acid and drought stress responses. Plant Cell. 2006 Oct;18(10):2749-66. Epub 2006 Sep 22.

ATGPX3 physically interacted with the 2C-type protein phosphatase ABA INSENSITIVE2 (ABI2) and, to a lesser extent, with ABI1.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19893533 Yin P, Fan H, Hao Q, Yuan X, Wu D, Pang Y, Yan C, Li W, Wang J, Yan N: Structural insights into the mechanism of abscisic acid signaling by PYL proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Dec;16(12):1230-6. Epub 2009 Nov 5.

Upon binding to ABA, a PYL protein associates with type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) such as ABI1 and ABI2, inhibiting their activity; the molecular mechanisms by which PYLs mediate ABA signaling remain unknown, however.
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16544570 Cheng Y, Song C: Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis and signaling in plant cells. Sci China C Life Sci. 2006 Feb;49(1):1-11.

The increases of H2O2 concentrations in plant cells often occur under biotic and abiotic stress conditions (e.g. light, environmental stresses and plant hormone abscisic acid).
H202 can modulate the activities of many components in signaling, such as protein phosphatases, protein kinases, transcription factors (TFs), and calcium channels.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18930563 Liu L, Hu X, Song J, Zong X, Li D, Li D: Over-expression of a Zea mays L. protein phosphatase 2C gene (ZmPP2C) in Arabidopsis thaliana decreases tolerance to salt and drought. J Plant Physiol. 2009 Mar 15;166(5):531-42. Epub 2008 Oct 18.


ZmPP2C (AY621066) is a protein phosphatase type-2c previously isolated from roots of Zea mays (LD9002).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19955405 Geiger D, Scherzer S, Mumm P, Stange A, Marten I, Bauer H, Ache P, Matschi S, Liese A, Al-Rasheid KA, Romeis T, Hedrich R: Activity of guard cell anion channel SLAC1 is controlled by drought-stress signaling kinase-phosphatase pair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 15;106(50):21425-30. Epub 2009 Dec 2.

In response to drought stress the phytohormone ABA (abscisic acid) induces stomatal closure and, therein, activates guard cell anion channels in a calcium-dependent as well as-independent manner.
Two key components of the ABA signaling pathway are the protein kinase OST1 (open stomata 1) and the protein phosphatase ABI1 (ABA insensitive 1).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19898420 Melcher K, Ng LM, Zhou XE, Soon FF, Xu Y, Suino-Powell KM, Park SY, Weiner JJ, Fujii H, Chinnusamy V, Kovach A, Li J, Wang Y, Li J, Peterson FC, Jensen DR, Yong EL, Volkman BF, Cutler SR, Zhu JK, Xu HE: A gate-latch-lock mechanism for hormone signalling by abscisic acid receptors. Nature. 2009 Dec 3;462(7273):602-8.

Its action is mediated by the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of START proteins, but it remains unclear how these receptors bind ABA and, in turn, how hormone binding leads to inhibition of the downstream type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C) effectors.
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18298671 Moes D, Himmelbach A, Korte A, Haberer G, Grill E: Nuclear localization of the mutant protein phosphatase abi1 is required for insensitivity towards ABA responses in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2008 Jun;54(5):806-19. Epub 2008 Feb 22.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
18036199 Galbiati M, Simoni L, Pavesi G, Cominelli E, Francia P, Vavasseur A, Nelson T, Bevan M, Tonelli C: Gene trap lines identify Arabidopsis genes expressed in stomatal guard cells. Plant J. 2008 Mar;53(5):750-62. Epub 2007 Nov 23.

Examination of homozygous mutant lines revealed that abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure was impaired in the atpdr3 mutant.
Expression analysis of the genes surrounding the trapping inserts identified two genes selectively expressed in guard cells, corresponding to a PP2C PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE and an unknown expressed protein gene.
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19033529 Saez A, Rodrigues A, Santiago J, Rubio S, Rodriguez PL: HAB1-SWI3B interaction reveals a link between abscisic acid signaling and putative SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2008 Nov;20(11):2972-88. Epub 2008 Nov 25.

The interaction mapped to the N-terminal half of SWI3B and required an intact protein phosphatase catalytic domain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19855379 Miyazono K, Miyakawa T, Sawano Y, Kubota K, Kang HJ, Asano A, Miyauchi Y, Takahashi M, Zhi Y, Fujita Y, Yoshida T, Kodaira KS, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Tanokura M: Structural basis of abscisic acid signalling. Nature. 2009 Dec 3;462(7273):609-14.

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19624469 Santiago J, Rodrigues A, Saez A, Rubio S, Antoni R, Dupeux F, Park SY, Marquez JA, Cutler SR, Rodriguez PL: Modulation of drought resistance by the abscisic acid receptor PYL5 through inhibition of clade A PP2Cs. Plant J. 2009 Nov;60(4):575-88. Epub 2009 Jul 16.

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15504732 Zou X, Seemann JR, Neuman D, Shen QJ: A WRKY gene from creosote bush encodes an activator of the abscisic acid signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 31;279(53):55770-9. Epub 2004 Oct 25.

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20023393 Hirayama T, Umezawa T: The PP2C-SnRK2 complex: The central regulator of an abscisic acid signaling pathway. Plant Signal Behav. 2010 Feb 28;5(2).

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19898494 Santiago J, Dupeux F, Round A, Antoni R, Park SY, Jamin M, Cutler SR, Rodriguez PL, Marquez JA: The abscisic acid receptor PYR1 in complex with abscisic acid. . Nature. 2009 Dec 3;462(7273):665-8. Epub 2009 Nov 8.

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19874541 Nishimura N, Sarkeshik A, Nito K, Park SY, Wang A, Carvalho PC, Lee S, Caddell DF, Cutler SR, Chory J, Yates JR, Schroeder JI: PYR/PYL/RCAR family members are major in-vivo ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C-interacting proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010 Jan;61(2):290-9. Epub 2009 Oct 26.


Abscisic acid (ABA) mediates resistance to abiotic stress and controls developmental processes in plants.
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17376162 Huang D, Jaradat MR, Wu W, Ambrose SJ, Ross AR, Abrams SR, Cutler AJ: Structural analogs of ABA reveal novel features of ABA perception and signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2007 May;50(3):414-28. Epub 2007 Mar 21.


Changes in gene expression produced by the application of (+)-abscisic acid (ABA) to Arabidopsis thaliana plants were compared with changes produced by the ABA structural analogs (-)-ABA, (+)-8'-acetylene ABA and (-)-2',3'-dihydroacetylenic abscisyl alcohol.
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19889877 Saavedra X, Modrego A, Rodriguez D, Gonzalez-Garcia MP, Sanz L, Nicolas G, Lorenzo O: The nuclear interactor PYL8/RCAR3 of Fagus sylvatica FsPP2C1 is a positive regulator of abscisic acid signaling in seeds and stress. Plant Physiol. 2010 Jan;152(1):133-50. Epub 2009 Nov 4.

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19407142 Park SY, Fung P, Nishimura N, Jensen DR, Fujii H, Zhao Y, Lumba S, Santiago J, Rodrigues A, Chow TF, Alfred SE, Bonetta D, Finkelstein R, Provart NJ, Desveaux D, Rodriguez PL, McCourt P, Zhu JK, Schroeder JI, Volkman BF, Cutler SR: Abscisic acid inhibits type 2C protein phosphatases via the PYR/PYL family of START proteins. Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1068-71. Epub 2009 Apr 30.
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19855047 Vlad F, Rubio S, Rodrigues A, Sirichandra C, Belin C, Robert N, Leung J, Rodriguez PL, Lauriere C, Merlot S: Protein phosphatases 2C regulate the activation of the Snf1-related kinase OST1 by abscisic acid in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009 Oct;21(10):3170-84. Epub 2009 Oct 23.
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16798945 Saez A, Robert N, Maktabi MH, Schroeder JI, Serrano R, Rodriguez PL: Enhancement of abscisic acid sensitivity and reduction of water consumption in Arabidopsis by combined inactivation of the protein phosphatases type 2C ABI1 and HAB1. Plant Physiol. 2006 Aug;141(4):1389-99. Epub 2006 Jun 23.
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19847119 Sakata Y, Komatsu K, Taji T, Tanaka S: Role of PP2C-mediated ABA signaling in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Sep;4(9):887-9. Epub 2009 Sep 7.

We have shown that the basal land plant Physcomitrella patens and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana share a conserved abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway mediated through ABI1-related type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs).
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19805022 Umezawa T, Sugiyama N, Mizoguchi M, Hayashi S, Myouga F, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Ishihama Y, Hirayama T, Shinozaki K: Type 2C protein phosphatases directly regulate abscisic acid-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Oct 13;106(41):17588-93. Epub 2009 Sep 29.
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19458118 Rubio S, Rodrigues A, Saez A, Dizon MB, Galle A, Kim TH, Santiago J, Flexas J, Schroeder JI, Rodriguez PL: Triple loss of function of protein phosphatases type 2C leads to partial constitutive response to endogenous abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 2009 Jul;150(3):1345-55. Epub 2009 May 20.
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18094993 Ribot C, Wang Y, Poirier Y: Expression analyses of three members of the AtPHO1 family reveal differential interactions between signaling pathways involved in phosphate deficiency and the responses to auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid. Planta. 2008 Apr;227(5):1025-36. Epub 2007 Dec 19.

The inhibition of expression by abscisic acid of AtPHO1 and AtPHO1;H1, and of the Pi-starvation responsive genes AtPHT1;1 and AtIPS1, was dependant on the ABI1 type 2C protein phosphatase.
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19499346 Jia F, Gampala SS, Mittal A, Luo Q, Rock CD: Cre-lox univector acceptor vectors for functional screening in protoplasts: analysis of Arabidopsis donor cDNAs encoding ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1-like protein phosphatases. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Aug;70(6):693-708. Epub 2009 Jun 6.
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16361522 Kuhn JM, Boisson-Dernier A, Dizon MB, Maktabi MH, Schroeder JI: The protein phosphatase AtPP2CA negatively regulates abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis, and effects of abh1 on AtPP2CA mRNA. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jan;140(1):127-39. Epub 2005 Dec 16.
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20097789 Tougane K, Komatsu K, Bhyan SB, Sakata Y, Ishizaki K, Yamato KT, Kohchi T, Takezawa D: Evolutionarily conserved regulatory mechanisms of abscisic acid signaling in land plants: characterization of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1-like type 2C protein phosphatase in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Plant Physiol. 2010 Mar;152(3):1529-43. Epub 2010 Jan 22.
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16815952 Reyes D, Rodriguez D, Gonzalez-Garcia MP, Lorenzo O, Nicolas G, Garcia-Martinez JL, Nicolas C: Overexpression of a protein phosphatase 2C from beech seeds in Arabidopsis shows phenotypes related to abscisic acid responses and gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 2006 Aug;141(4):1414-24. Epub 2006 Jun 30.

A functional abscisic acid (ABA)-induced protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C) was previously isolated from beech (Fagus sylvatica) seeds (FsPP2C2).
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16365038 Yoshida R, Umezawa T, Mizoguchi T, Takahashi S, Takahashi F, Shinozaki K: The regulatory domain of SRK2E/OST1/SnRK2.6 interacts with ABI1 and integrates abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress signals controlling stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 24;281(8):5310-8. Epub 2005 Dec 19.

ABI1 and ABI2 encode PP2C-type protein phosphatases and are thought to negatively regulate many aspects of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, including stomatal closure in Arabidopsis.
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