Protein Information

Name glutathione reductase
Synonyms GLUR; GR; GRD 1; GRD1; GRase; GSR; Glutathione reductase; GRases…

Compound Information

Name abscisic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17008354 Contour-Ansel D, Torres-Franklin ML, Cruz DE Carvalho MH, D'Arcy-Lameta A, Zuily-Fodil Y: Glutathione reductase in leaves of cowpea: cloning of two cDNAs, expression and enzymatic activity under progressive drought stress, desiccation and abscisic acid treatment. Ann Bot. 2006 Dec;98(6):1279-87. Epub 2006 Sep 28.
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18940932 Rapala-Kozik M, Kowalska E, Ostrowska K: Modulation of thiamine metabolism in Zea mays seedlings under conditions of abiotic stress. J Exp Bot. 2008;59(15):4133-43. Epub 2008 Oct 21.

The expected increases in the abscisic acid levels and in the activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were found under each stress condition.
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17176391 Hu X, Jiang M, Zhang J, Zhang A, Lin F, Tan M: Calcium-calmodulin is required for abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defense and functions both upstream and downstream of H2O2 production in leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants. New Phytol. 2007;173(1):27-38.

* Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, the role of calmodulin (CaM) and the relationship between CaM and hydrogen peroxide (H (2) O (2)) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defense in leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants were investigated. * Treatment with ABA or H (2) O (2) led to significant increases in the concentration of cytosolic Ca (2+) in the protoplasts of mesophyll cells and in the expression of the calmodulin 1 (CaM1) gene and the content of CaM in leaves of maize plants, and enhanced the expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase 4 (SOD4), cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (cAPX), and glutathione reductase 1 (GR1) and the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes.
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17518349 Celik I, Tuluce Y, Isik I: Evalution of toxicity of abcisic acid and gibberellic acid in rats: 50 days drinking water study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2007 Apr;22(2):219-26.


In the present study, the influence of subchronic effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs) [Abcisic acid (ABA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3)] on antioxidant defense systems [reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT)] and lipid peroxidation level (malondialdehyde = MDA) in various tissues of the rat were investigated during treatment as a drinking water model. 75 ppm of ABA and GA3 in drinking water were continuously administered orally to rats (Sprague-Dawley albino) ad libitum for 50 days.
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19566644 Xu S, Ding H, Su F, Zhang A, Jiang M: Involvement of protein phosphorylation in water stress-induced antioxidant defense in maize leaves. J Integr Plant Biol. 2009 Jul;51(7):654-62.

Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, the role of protein phosphorylation and the interrelationship between water stress-enhanced kinase activity, antioxidant enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and endogenous abscisic acid in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves were investigated.
Pretreatments with different protein kinase inhibitors also reduced the water stress-induced H2O2 production and the water stress-enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase.
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18761495 Kellos T, Timar I, Szilagyi V, Szalai G, Galiba G, Kocsy G: Stress hormones and abiotic stresses have different effects on antioxidants in maize lines with different sensitivity. Plant Biol. 2008 Sep;10(5):563-72.

Following treatment with abscisic acid, salicylic acid or hydrogen peroxide, the amount of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides increased, while after osmotic stress or cultivation in continuous darkness, the levels were unchanged or decreased.
The activity of glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase was higher after almost all treatments in Z7.
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19778406 Ding HD, Zhang XH, Xu SC, Sun LL, Jiang MY, Zhang AY, Jin YG: Induction of protection against paraquat-induced oxidative damage by abscisic acid in maize leaves is mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Integr Plant Biol. 2009 Oct;51(10):961-72.

Two inhibitors also suppressed the total activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2).
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19183289 Zhang Y, Tan J, Guo Z, Lu S, He S, Shu W, Zhou B: Increased abscisic acid levels in transgenic tobacco over-expressing 9 cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase influence H2O2 and NO production and antioxidant defences. Plant Cell Environ. 2009 May;32(5):509-19. Epub 2009 Jan 22.

H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) contents were enhanced in guard cells and mesophyll cells of the transgenic plants, accompanied with increased transcripts and activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR).
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16049674 Hu X, Jiang M, Zhang A, Lu J: Abscisic acid-induced apoplastic H2O2 accumulation up-regulates the activities of chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves. Planta. 2005 Dec;223(1):57-68. Epub 2005 Jul 28.

Meanwhile, ABA treatment led to a significant increase in the activities of the leaf chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), and pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), the O (2) (-) scavenger Tiron and the H (2) O (2) scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU) almost completely arrested the increase in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes.
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17418944 Celik I, Turker M, Tuluce Y: Abcisic acid and gibberellic acid cause increased lipid peroxidation and fluctuated antioxidant defense systems of various tissues in rats. J Hazard Mater. 2007 Sep 30;148(3):623-9. Epub 2007 Mar 12.


The study was aimed at demonstrating changes in the antioxidant defense systems [Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT)] forming an antioxidative barrier and oxidative stress parameter (Malondialdehyde=MDA) in the various tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats which were administrated plant growth regulators (PGRs) [Abcisic acid (ABA) and Gibberellic acid (GA (3))] during 25 days.
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16531486 Zhang A, Jiang M, Zhang J, Tan M, Hu X: Mitogen-activated protein kinase is involved in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defense and acts downstream of reactive oxygen species production in leaves of maize plants. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jun;141(2):475-87. Epub 2006 Mar 10.

Treatments with ABA or H (2) O (2) induced the activation of a 46-kD MAPK and enhanced the expression of the antioxidant genes CAT1, cAPX, and GR1 and the total activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase.
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15658805 Hung KT, Kao CH: Hydrogen peroxide is necessary for abscisic acid-induced senescence of rice leaves. J Plant Physiol. 2004 Dec;161(12):1347-57.

Dimethylthiourea, a chemical trap for H2O2, was observed to be effective in inhibiting ABA-induced senescence, ABA-increased matondialdehyde (MDA) content, ABA-increased antioxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase), and ABA-decreased antioxidant contents (ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione) in rice leaves.
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18364679 Sang J, Zhang A, Lin F, Tan M, Jiang M: Cross-talk between calcium-calmodulin and nitric oxide in abscisic acid signaling in leaves of maize plants. Cell Res. 2008 May;18(5):577-88.

Moreover, SNP-induced increases in the expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase 4 (SOD4), cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (cAPX), and glutathione reductase 1 (GR1) and the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes were arrested by the pretreatments with Ca (2+) inhibitors and CaM antagonists.
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18349510 Sang JR, Jiang MY, Lin F, Li J, Xu SC: Role of nitric oxide in abscisic acid-induced subcellular antioxidant defense of maize leaves. Zhi Wu Sheng Li Yu Fen Zi Sheng Wu Xue Xue Bao. 2007 Dec;33(6):553-66.

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