Protein Information

Name ABI3
Synonyms ABI gene family member 3; ABI 3; ABI3; NESH; Nesh protein; New molecule including SH3; SSH3BP3; Nesh proteins…

Compound Information

Name abscisic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16270233 Nag R, Maity MK, Dasgupta M: Dual DNA binding property of ABA insensitive 3 like factors targeted to promoters responsive to ABA and auxin. Plant Mol Biol. 2005 Nov;59(5):821-38.


The ABA responsive ABI3 and the auxin responsive ARF family of transcription factors bind the CATGCATG (Sph) and TGTCTC core motifs in ABA and auxin response elements (ABRE and AuxRE), respectively.
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19622176 Jiang W, Yu D: Arabidopsis WRKY2 transcription factor mediates seed germination and postgermination arrest of development by abscisic acid. BMC Plant Biol. 2009 Jul 22;9:96.

Two independent T-DNA insertion mutants for WRKY2 were hypersensitive to ABA responses only during seed germination and postgermination early growth. wrky2 mutants displayed delayed or decreased expression of ABI5 and ABI3, but increased or prolonged expression of Em1 and Em6. wrky2 mutants and wild type showed similar levels of expression for miR159 and its target genes MYB33 and MYB101.
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20013031 Graeber K, Linkies A, Muller K, Wunchova A, Rott A, Leubner-Metzger G: Cross-species approaches to seed dormancy and germination: conservation and biodiversity of ABA-regulated mechanisms and the Brassicaceae DOG1 genes. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Dec 15.


The ABA-related transcription factor ABI3/VP1 (ABA INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1) is widespread among green plants.
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19556968 Piskurewicz U, Tureckova V, Lacombe E, Lopez-Molina L: Far-red light inhibits germination through DELLA-dependent stimulation of ABA synthesis and ABI3 activity. EMBO J. 2009 Jun 25;28(15):2259-2271.

This elicits a decrease in gibberellins (GA) levels and an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) levels.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
16632590 Cernac A, Andre C, Hoffmann-Benning S, Benning C: WRI1 is required for seed germination and seedling establishment. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jun;141(2):745-57. Epub 2006 Apr 21.

Plants altered in the expression of the WRI1 gene showed different germination responses to the growth factor abscisic acid (ABA), sugars, and fatty acids provided in the medium.
The expression of ABA-responsive genes AtEM6 and ABA-insensitive 3 (ABI3) was increased in the wri1-1 mutant.
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18854047 Huang Y, Li CY, Biddle KD, Gibson SI: Identification, cloning and characterization of sis7 and sis10 sugar-insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol. 2008 Oct 14;8:104.

The positional cloning and characterization of two of these sugar insensitive (sis) mutants, both of which are also involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis or response, are reported.
Plants carrying mutations in SIS7/NCED3/STO1 or SIS10/ABI3 are resistant to the inhibitory effects of high levels of exogenous Glc and Suc.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16916886 Yuan K, Wysocka-Diller J: Phytohormone signalling pathways interact with sugars during seed germination and seedling development. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(12):3359-67. Epub 2006 Aug 17.


This study demonstrates that the ABA Insensitive 3 (ABI3) gene in the ABA signalling pathway and the RGA-like 2 (RGL2) and SPINDLY (SPY) genes in the GA signalling pathways all play important roles in the glucose-induced delay of seed germination.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15604677 Carranco R, Chandrasekharan MB, Townsend JC, Hall TC: Interaction of PvALF and VP1 B3 domains with the beta -phaseolin promoter. Plant Mol Biol. 2004 May;55(2):221-37.


Ectopic expression in leaves of PvALF, a seed-specific transcription factor belonging to the plant-exclusive B3 domain-containing VP1/ABI3 family, leads to chromatin remodeling of the phas promoter, permitting transcriptional activation by the growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16326929 Ng DW, Chandrasekharan MB, Hall TC: Ordered histone modifications are associated with transcriptional poising and activation of the phaseolin promoter. Plant Cell. 2006 Jan;18(1):119-32. Epub 2005 Dec 2.


Transition from the inactive state in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was accomplished by ectopic expression of the transcription factor Phaseolus vulgaris ABI3-like factor (ALF) and application of abscisic acid (ABA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18088305 Chung S, Parish RW: Combinatorial interactions of multiple cis-elements regulating the induction of the Arabidopsis XERO2 dehydrin gene by abscisic acid and cold. Plant J. 2008 Apr;54(1):15-29. Epub 2007 Dec 15.

The ABI5 transcription factor may have a role in ABA-induced XERO2 expression, whereas ABI3 and ABI4 do not.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19161942 Ding Z, Li S, An X, Liu X, Qin H, Wang D: Transgenic expression of MYB15 confers enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid and improved drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Genet Genomics. 2009 Jan;36(1):17-29.

In line with the above findings, the transcript levels of ABA biosynthesis (ABA1, ABA2), signaling (ABI3), and responsive genes (AtADH1, RD22, RD29B, AtEM6) were generally higher in MYB15 overexpression seedlings than in WT controls after treatment with ABA.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19255443 Holman TJ, Jones PD, Russell L, Medhurst A, Ubeda Tomas S, Talloji P, Marquez J, Schmuths H, Tung SA, Taylor I, Footitt S, Bachmair A, Theodoulou FL, Holdsworth MJ: The N-end rule pathway promotes seed germination and establishment through removal of ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 17;106(11):4549-54. Epub 2009 Mar 2.

Two components of this pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, PROTEOLYSIS6 (PRT6) and arginyl-tRNA:protein arginyltransferase (ATE), were shown to regulate seed after-ripening, seedling sugar sensitivity, seedling lipid breakdown, and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity of germination.
Epistasis analysis indicated that PRT6 control of germination and establishment, as exemplified by ABA and sugar sensitivity, as well as storage oil mobilization, occurs at least in part via transcription factors ABI3 and ABI5.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17766402 Teaster ND, Motes CM, Tang Y, Wiant WC, Cotter MQ, Wang YS, Kilaru A, Venables BJ, Hasenstein KH, Gonzalez G, Blancaflor EB, Chapman KD: N-Acylethanolamine metabolism interacts with abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant Cell. 2007 Aug;19(8):2454-69. Epub 2007 Aug 31.

The levels of ABI3 transcripts were inversely associated with NAE-modulated growth.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17217461 Reyes JL, Chua NH: ABA induction of miR159 controls transcript levels of two MYB factors during Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant J. 2007 Feb;49(4):592-606. Epub 2007 Jan 8.

Upon seed imbibition, abscisic acid (ABA) levels decrease to allow embryos to germinate and develop into seedlings.
Here, we show that, in germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, ABA induces the accumulation of microRNA 159 (miR159) in an ABI3-dependent fashion, and miRNA159 mediates cleavage of MYB101 and MYB33 transcripts in vitro and in vivo.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18179780 Liu PF, Chang WC, Wang YK, Chang HY, Pan RL: Signaling pathways mediating the suppression of Arabidopsis thaliana Ku gene expression by abscisic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Mar;1779(3):164-74. Epub 2007 Dec 15.

Moreover, analysis of inhibitor treatments and ABA-responsive mutants suggested that AtKu repression by ABA was mediated through the pathway of extracellular Ca (2+), phospholipase D alpha, p38-type mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), MAPK6 and ABA transcription factors, ABI3 and ABI5.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15564532 Nishimura N, Yoshida T, Murayama M, Asami T, Shinozaki K, Hirayama T: Isolation and characterization of novel mutants affecting the abscisic acid sensitivity of Arabidopsis germination and seedling growth. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Oct;45(10):1485-99.

RT-PCR experiments showed that the expression patterns of the ABA-inducible genes RAB18, AtEm1, AtEm6 and ABI5 in germinating seeds were affected by these four ahg mutations, whereas those of ABI3 and ABI4 were not. ahg4 displayed slightly increased mRNA levels of several ABA-inducible genes upon ABA treatment.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15960620 Katagiri T, Ishiyama K, Kato T, Tabata S, Kobayashi M, Shinozaki K: An important role of phosphatidic acid in ABA signaling during germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2005 Jul;43(1):107-17.

Furthermore, double-mutant analysis showed that ABA-insensitive 4 (ABI4) is epistatic to AtLPP2 but ABA-insensitive 3 (ABI3) is not.
Physiological analysis showed that PA triggers early signal transduction events that lead to responses to abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15894743 Tsukagoshi H, Saijo T, Shibata D, Morikami A, Nakamura K: Analysis of a sugar response mutant of Arabidopsis identified a novel B3 domain protein that functions as an active transcriptional repressor. Plant Physiol. 2005 Jun;138(2):675-85. Epub 2005 May 13.

A recessive mutation hsi2 of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expressing luciferase (LUC) under control of a short promoter derived from a sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) sporamin gene (Spo (min) LUC) caused enhanced LUC expression under both low- and high-sugar conditions, which was not due to increased level of abscisic acid.
HSI2 and two other Arabidopsis proteins appear to constitute a novel subfamily of B3 domain proteins distinct from ABI3, FUS3, and LEC2, which are transcription activators involved in seed development.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18552232 Samuel MA, Mudgil Y, Salt JN, Delmas F, Ramachandran S, Chilelli A, Goring DR: Interactions between the S-domain receptor kinases and AtPUB-ARM E3 ubiquitin ligases suggest a conserved signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2008 Aug;147(4):2084-95. Epub 2008 Jun 13.

Finally, potential links to the involvement of these interacting modules to the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated.
As well, T-DNA insertion mutants for ARK1 and AtPUB9 lines were altered in their ABA sensitivity during germination and acted at or upstream of ABI3, indicating potential involvement of these proteins in ABA responses.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19286935 Bu Q, Li H, Zhao Q, Jiang H, Zhai Q, Zhang J, Wu X, Sun J, Xie Q, Wang D, Li C: The Arabidopsis RING finger E3 ligase RHA2a is a novel positive regulator of abscisic acid signaling during seed germination and early seedling development. Plant Physiol. 2009 May;150(1):463-81. Epub 2009 Mar 13.

Double mutant analyses of rha2a with several known ABA-insensitive mutants suggest that the action of RHA2a in ABA signaling is independent of that of the transcription factors ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17158582 Benschop JJ, Millenaar FF, Smeets ME, van Zanten M, Voesenek LA, Peeters AJ: Abscisic acid antagonizes ethylene-induced hyponastic growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):1013-23. Epub 2006 Dec 8.

Mutations in ABI1 or ABI3 induced a strong ethylene-regulated hyponastic growth in the less responsive accession Ler, while the response was abolished in the ABA-hypersensitive era1 in Col-0.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17968553 Fischerova L, Fischer L, Vondrakova Z, Vagner M: Expression of the gene encoding transcription factor PaVP1 differs in Picea abies embryogenic lines depending on their ability to develop somatic embryos. Plant Cell Rep. 2008 Mar;27(3):435-41. Epub 2007 Oct 30.


Several proteins were proven to be involved in ABA sensing including ABI3/VP1 transcription factors and their orthologue PaVP1 was characterized in spruce.
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19806323 Richardt S, Timmerhaus G, Lang D, Qudeimat E, Correa LG, Reski R, Rensing SA, Frank W: Microarray analysis of the moss Physcomitrella patens reveals evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulation of salt stress and abscisic acid signalling. Plant Mol Biol. 2010 Jan;72(1-2):27-45. Epub 2009 Sep 26.

Comparison to public gene expression data of Arabidopsis thaliana and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the role of DREB-like, Dof, and bHLH TAPs in salt stress responses have been conserved during embryophyte evolution, and that the function of ABI3-like, bZIP, HAP3, and CO-like TAPs in seed development and flowering emerged from pre-existing ABA and light signalling pathways.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18315698 Shobbar ZS, Oane R, Gamuyao R, De Palma J, Malboobi MA, Karimzadeh G, Javaran MJ, Bennett J: Abscisic acid regulates gene expression in cortical fiber cells and silica cells of rice shoots. New Phytol. 2008;178(1):68-79.

As transcription factors ABI3 and ABI5 are essential for ABA-induced growth arrest in Arabidopsis, blast was used to identify OsVP1 and OsABF1 as their structural orthologues in rice (Oryza sativa), and employed RNA in situ hybridization to reveal the cell types accumulating the corresponding transcripts in response to ABA.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19261733 Roschzttardtz H, Fuentes I, Vasquez M, Corvalan C, Leon G, Gomez I, Araya A, Holuigue L, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Jordana X: A nuclear gene encoding the iron-sulfur subunit of mitochondrial complex II is regulated by B3 domain transcription factors during seed development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2009 May;150(1):84-95. Epub 2009 Mar 4.

Whereas ABI3 and FUS3 interact with the RY element in the SDH2-3 promoter, the abscisic acid-responsive elements are shown to be a target for bZIP53, a member of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family of transcription factors.
87(1,1,2,2) Details
15803411 Zeng Y, Kermode AR: A gymnosperm ABI3 gene functions in a severe abscisic acid-insensitive mutant of Arabidopsis (abi3-6) to restore the wild-type phenotype and demonstrates a strong synergistic effect with sugar in the inhibition of post-germinative growth. Plant Mol Biol. 2004 Nov;56(5):731-46. Epub 2005 Mar 24.
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16024587 Mazzella MA, Arana MV, Staneloni RJ, Perelman S, Rodriguez Batiller MJ, Muschietti J, Cerdan PD, Chen K, Sanchez RA, Zhu T, Chory J, Casal JJ: Phytochrome control of the Arabidopsis transcriptome anticipates seedling exposure to light. Plant Cell. 2005 Sep;17(9):2507-16. Epub 2005 Jul 15.

Most of these genes bear the RY cis motif, which is a binding site of the transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), and the phyB mutation also enhances ABI3 expression.
83(1,1,1,3) Details
19413897 Pawlowski TA: Proteome analysis of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) seeds dormancy breaking and germination: influence of abscisic and gibberellic acids. BMC Plant Biol. 2009 May 4;9:48.

Seed dormancy breaking involves proteins of various processes but the proteasome proteins, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, glycine-rich RNA binding protein, ABI3-interacting protein 1, EF-2 and adenosylhomocysteinase are of particular importance.
Hormonal imbalance between germination inhibitors (e.g. abscisic acid) and growth promoters (e.g. gibberellins) is the main cause of seed dormancy breaking.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16927203 Sohn KH, Lee SC, Jung HW, Hong JK, Hwang BK: Expression and functional roles of the pepper pathogen-induced transcription factor RAV1 in bacterial disease resistance, and drought and salt stress tolerance. Plant Mol Biol. 2006 Aug;61(6):897-915.

The CARAV1 promoter activation was induced by P. syringae pv. tabaci, salicylic acid and abscisic acid.
A novel pathogen-induced gene encoding the RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1) transcription factor, CARAV1, was isolated from pepper leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16361518 Radchuk R, Radchuk V, Weschke W, Borisjuk L, Weber H: Repressing the expression of the SUCROSE NONFERMENTING-1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE gene in pea embryo causes pleiotropic defects of maturation similar to an abscisic acid-insensitive phenotype. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jan;140(1):263-78. Epub 2005 Dec 16.

Most of the phenotype resembles abscisic acid (ABA) insensitivity and may be explained by reduced Abi-3 expression.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
15695463 Kagaya Y, Okuda R, Ban A, Toyoshima R, Tsutsumida K, Usui H, Yamamoto A, Hattori T: Indirect ABA-dependent regulation of seed storage protein genes by FUSCA3 transcription factor in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Feb;46(2):300-11. Epub 2005 Feb 2.

The key transcription factors that control seed maturation, ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) and FUSCA3 (FUS3), share homologous DNA-binding domains.
36(0,1,1,6) Details
19659659 Guerriero G, Martin N, Golovko A, Sundstrom JF, Rask L, Ezcurra I: The RY/Sph element mediates transcriptional repression of maturation genes from late maturation to early seedling growth. New Phytol. 2009 Nov;184(3):552-65. Epub 2009 Jul 29.

Using transgenic and transient approaches in Nicotiana, we examined activities of two ABI3-dependent reporter genes driven by multimeric RY and abscisic acid response elements (ABREs) from a Brassica napus napin gene, termed RY and ABRE, where the RY reporter requires ABI3 DNA binding.
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18691932 Suzuki M, McCarty DR: Functional symmetry of the B3 network controlling seed development. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2008 Oct;11(5):548-53. Epub 2008 Aug 6.

Key downstream AFL targets elaborate seed-specific abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and auxin signaling.
ABA feeds back into network via ABI3 interaction with ABI5.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16160844 Kikuchi A, Sanuki N, Higashi K, Koshiba T, Kamada H: Abscisic acid and stress treatment are essential for the acquisition of embryogenic competence by carrot somatic cells. Planta. 2006 Mar;223(4):637-45. Epub 2005 Sep 14.

The embryonic-specific genes C-ABI3 and embryogenic cell proteins (ECPs) were expressed during stress treatment prior to the formation of somatic embryos.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19503786 Romanel EA, Schrago CG, Counago RM, Russo CA, Alves-Ferreira M: Evolution of the B3 DNA binding superfamily: new insights into REM family gene diversification. PLoS One. 2009 Jun 8;4(6):e5791.

BACKGROUND: The B3 DNA binding domain includes five families: auxin response factor (ARF), abscisic acid-insensitive3 (ABI3), high level expression of sugar inducible (HSI), related to ABI3/VP1 (RAV) and reproductive meristem (REM).
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16531465 Bassel GW, Mullen RT, Bewley JD: ABI3 expression ceases following, but not during, germination of tomato and Arabidopsis seeds. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(6):1291-7. Epub 2006 Mar 10.

In many plant species, including tomato and Arabidopsis, the inception of dormancy during seed development is mediated by abscisic acid (ABA) and the transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 (ABI3/VP1).
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15159632 Ng DW, Chandrasekharan MB, Hall TC: The 5' UTR negatively regulates quantitative and spatial expression from the ABI3 promoter. Plant Mol Biol. 2004 Jan;54(1):25-38.

The involvement of transcription factors Arabidopsis abscisic acid-insensitive3 (ABI3), maize viviparous1 (VP1) and Phaseolus vulgaris ABI3-like factor (PvALF) in the spatial control of storage protein gene expression is well established.
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19386806 Barrero JM, Talbot MJ, White RG, Jacobsen JV, Gubler F: Anatomical and transcriptomic studies of the coleorhiza reveal the importance of this tissue in regulating dormancy in barley. Plant Physiol. 2009 Jun;150(2):1006-21. Epub 2009 Apr 22.

The changes that occur correlate with abscisic acid (ABA) contents of embryo tissues.
Our results indicate that in the coleorhiza, ABA catabolism is promoted and ABA sensitivity is reduced and that this is associated with differential regulation by after-ripening of ABA 8'-hydroxylase and of the LIPID PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE gene family and ABI3-INTERACTING PROTEIN2, respectively.
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18363631 Shkolnik D, Bar-Zvi D: Tomato ASR1 abrogates the response to abscisic acid and glucose in Arabidopsis by competing with ABI4 for DNA binding. Plant Biotechnol J. 2008 May;6(4):368-78. Epub 2008 Mar 24.

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17291824 Quatrano RS, McDaniel SF, Khandelwal A, Perroud PF, Cove DJ: Physcomitrella patens: mosses enter the genomic age. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Apr;10(2):182-9. Epub 2007 Feb 8.

Transgenic studies show that the regulatory factors ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) and LEAFY (LFY) have molecular functions that are conserved between moss and angiosperms, in spite of the fact that they function in non-homologous tissues.
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17220197 Kotak S, Vierling E, Baumlein H, von Koskull-Doring P: A novel transcriptional cascade regulating expression of heat stress proteins during seed development of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Jan;19(1):182-95. Epub 2007 Jan 12.

Here, we present evidence that developmental expression of HsfA9 is regulated by the seed-specific transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3).
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15998807 Zhang X, Garreton V, Chua NH: The AIP2 E3 ligase acts as a novel negative regulator of ABA signaling by promoting ABI3 degradation. Genes Dev. 2005 Jul 1;19(13):1532-43.

The B3-domain transcription factor abscisic acid-insensitive 3 (ABI3) is a central regulator in ABA signaling, but little is known of how this factor is regulated.
12(0,0,1,7) Details
16731585 To A, Valon C, Savino G, Guilleminot J, Devic M, Giraudat J, Parcy F: A network of local and redundant gene regulation governs Arabidopsis seed maturation. Plant Cell. 2006 Jul;18(7):1642-51. Epub 2006 May 26.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, four major regulators (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], LEAFY COTYLEDON1 [LEC1], and LEC2) control most aspects of seed maturation, such as accumulation of storage compounds, cotyledon identity, acquisition of desiccation tolerance, and dormancy.
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15695450 Kagaya Y, Toyoshima R, Okuda R, Usui H, Yamamoto A, Hattori T: LEAFY COTYLEDON1 controls seed storage protein genes through its regulation of FUSCA3 and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Mar;46(3):399-406. Epub 2005 Feb 2.

Arabidopsis ABSCISIC ACID INSENSEITIVE3 (ABI3), FUSCA3 (FUS3) and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) encode key transcription factors that control seed maturation events, including seed storage protein (SSP) accumulation.
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17158584 Suzuki M, Wang HH, McCarty DR: Repression of the LEAFY COTYLEDON 1/B3 regulatory network in plant embryo development by VP1/ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE B3 genes. Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):902-11. Epub 2006 Dec 8.

Plant embryo development is regulated by a network of transcription factors that include LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 (LEC1), LEC1-LIKE (L1L), and B3 domain factors, LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 (LEC2), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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20110497 Khandelwal A, Cho SH, Marella H, Sakata Y, Perroud PF, Pan A, Quatrano RS: Role of ABA and ABI3 in desiccation tolerance. Science. 2010 Jan 29;327(5965):546.

In angiosperms, both ABA and the transcriptional regulator ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) are required to protect the seed during desiccation.
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18278579 Dekkers BJ, Schuurmans JA, Smeekens SC: Interaction between sugar and abscisic acid signalling during early seedling development in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol. 2008 May;67(1-2):151-67. Epub 2008 Feb 17.

The glucose-arrested seedlings had a drought tolerant phenotype and showed glucose-induced expression of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), ABI5 and LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT (LEA) genes reminiscent of ABA signalling during early seedling development.
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18024558 Tanaka M, Kikuchi A, Kamada H: The Arabidopsis histone deacetylases HDA6 and HDA19 contribute to the repression of embryonic properties after germination. Plant Physiol. 2008 Jan;146(1):149-61. Epub 2007 Nov 16.

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the transcription factors LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) play key roles in embryogenesis.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
18476867 Santos-Mendoza M, Dubreucq B, Baud S, Parcy F, Caboche M, Lepiniec L: Deciphering gene regulatory networks that control seed development and maturation in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2008 May;54(4):608-20.

In the model plant Arabidopsis, genetic analyses have demonstrated that LEAFY COTYLEDON genes, namely LEC1, LEC2 and FUSCA3 (FUS3), are key transcriptional regulators of seed maturation, together with ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3).
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17701425 del Viso F, Casaretto JA, Quatrano RS: 14-3-3 Proteins are components of the transcription complex of the ATEM1 promoter in Arabidopsis. Planta. 2007 Dec;227(1):167-75. Epub 2007 Aug 16.

The transcription factor ABI3 and the phytohormone abscisic acid are required for normal expression of both genes.
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16805735 Marella HH, Sakata Y, Quatrano RS: Characterization and functional analysis of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3-like genes from Physcomitrella patens. Plant J. 2006 Jun;46(6):1032-44.

Initially, we used the ABA-responsive Em promoter from wheat linked to beta-glucuronidase (GUS) to determine whether ABI3/VP1, transcriptional regulators in the ABA-signaling pathway in angiosperms, were similarly active in the ABA response of P. patens.
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16463099 Nakashima K, Fujita Y, Katsura K, Maruyama K, Narusaka Y, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K: Transcriptional regulation of ABI3- and ABA-responsive genes including RD29B and RD29A in seeds, germinating embryos, and seedlings of Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol. 2006 Jan;60(1):51-68.

ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) are cis-acting elements and basic leucine zipper (bZIP)-type ABRE-binding proteins (AREBs) are transcriptional activators that function in the expression of RD29B in vegetative tissue of Arabidopsis in response to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.
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