Protein Information

Name cholinesterase
Synonyms Acylcholine acylhydrolase; BCHE; BCHE protein; Butyrylcholine esterase; Butyrylcholinesterase; CHE1; Choline esterase II; Cholinesterase…

Compound Information

Name permethrin
CAS (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16414841 Rafi F, Hassan R, Fatima H, Zafar F: Correlation between toxic natures of pyrethroid and behavioral response of desert locusts. Toxicol Sci. 2001 Apr;60(2):305-14.

The inhibition of neural enzyme Cholinesterase with Permethrin and as a result more accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve junctions and less passage of the transmission of impulses thus less response from the locusts has also been explored and discussed.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
11758396 Yin D, Jin H, Yu H, Chen L: [A comparative study on the sensitivity and specificity of cholinesterase and glutathione s-transferase in Gammarus pulex L.]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2001 Aug;12(4):615-8.

Studies on the influences of lindane, pirimiphos methyl, permethrin, zinc and dodecyl linear alkybenzene sulfonate (LAS) on the activity and toxicity of cholinesterase (ChE) and glutathione s-transferase (GST) in Gammarus pulex L. showed that only pirimiphos methyl caused a change in ChE activity in Gammarus, with a significant reduction in enzyme activity after 24 h and 48 h exposure.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
14751452 Abou-Donia MB, Dechkovskaia AM, Goldstein LB, Abdel-Rahman A, Bullman SL, Khan WA: Co-exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and/or permethrin causes sensorimotor deficit and alterations in brain acetylcholinesterase activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004 Feb;77(2):253-62.

PB alone at all doses slightly inhibited plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity, whereas combination of PB with DEET or permethrin increased its activity.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18561612 Czepita D, Kuzna-Grygiel W, Czepita M, Grobelny A: Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis as a cause of chronic marginal blepharitis. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2007;53(1):63-7; discussion 67.

The use of yellow mercurial ointment, sulphur ointment, camphorated oil, crotamiton, choline esterase inhibitors, sulfacetamide, steroids, antibiotics, as well as antimycotic drugs offers some improvement.
A good response has been observed after oral application of ivermectin along with topical application of cream permethrin.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8575360 Ortiz D, Yanez L, Gomez H, Martinez-Salazar JA, Diaz-Barriga F: Acute toxicological effects in rats treated with a mixture of commercially formulated products containing methyl parathion and permethrin. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1995 Nov;32(2):154-8.

The acute toxicity (LD50 values) and brain cholinesterase activity were investigated as toxicological endpoints.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11402526 : Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2001;900:i-vi

The first part of the report considers the interpretation of data on inhibition of cholinesterase activity and recommendations arising from an informal meeting on harmonization with the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues.
A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological and residue data on a variety of veterinary drugs: one anthelminthic agent (ivermectin); four antimicrobial agents (flumequine, lincomycin, oxytetracycline and tilmicosin); six insecticides (cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, dicyclanil, permethrin and metrifonate (trichlorfon)); and one production aid (melengestrol acetate).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11854147 Usmani KA, Rose RL, Goldstein JA, Taylor WG, Brimfield AA, Hodgson E: In vitro human metabolism and interactions of repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Mar;30(3):289-94.

Preincubation of human or rodent microsomes with chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and pyridostigmine bromide alone or in combination can lead to either stimulation or inhibition of DEET metabolism.
Mice treated with DEET demonstrated induced levels of the CYP2B family, increased hydroxylation, and a 2.4-fold increase in the metabolism of chlorpyrifos to chlorpyrifos-oxon, a potent anticholinesterase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12647544 Khrunin AV, Eremina OIu, Bakanova EI, Roslavtseva SA, Shipov AE, Genkina GK, Mastriukova TA: [Interaction with esterases and mechanism of synergistic action of thio- and dithiophosphates containing the fragments of N-acylated glycine and beta-alanine]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 2003 Jan-Feb;(1):81-7.

We studied the interaction between O,O-diethyl-S-[(N-acyl-N-alkoxycarbonylalkyl) aminomethyl] thiophosphates and mammalian cholinesterases as well as esterases from insect tissue extracts by kinetic methods and disc electrophoresis.
The coefficients of combined effect of these compounds or their dithioanalogs with permethrin were determined.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15663293 Choi J, Hodgson E, Rose RL: Inhibition of trans-permethrin hydrolysis in human liver fractions by chloropyrifos oxon and carbaryl. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2004;20(4):233-46.

Carbaryl, a known anticholinesterase agent, showed non-competitive inhibition kinetics, with Ki values two orders of magnitude higher than those for chlorpyrifos oxon.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11248143 Abou-Donia MB, Goldstein LB, Jones KH, Abdel-Rahman AA, Damodaran TV, Dechkovskaia AM, Bullman SL, Amir BE, Khan WA: Locomotor and sensorimotor performance deficit in rats following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin, alone and in combination. 1-96.

On day 45 the animals were sacrificed, and plasma and CNS cholinesterase, and brain choline acetyl transferase, muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were evaluated.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10794385 Sheets LP: A consideration of age-dependent differences in susceptibility to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. Neurotoxicology. 2000 Feb-Apr;21(1-2):57-63.

The first involves multi-generation reproduction studies with rats that were treated with OP insecticides (coumaphos, fenamiphos, tribufos, trichlorfon, or oxydemeton-methyl) through the diet and examined for effects, including cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition.
The second involves rats that were treated by gavage with an acute dose of a pyrethroid (cismethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin or cypermethrin) to establish relative sensitivity to either a lethal dose or to a low, behaviorally-active dose.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9528704 Ibrahim H, Kheir R, Helmi S, Lewis J, Crane M: Effects of organophosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroid and organochlorine pesticides, and a heavy metal on survival and cholinesterase activity of Chironomus riparius Meigen. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998 Mar;60(3):448-55.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
10414780 Butte W, Kemper K: A spectrophotometric assay for pyrethroid-cleaving enzymes in human serum. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Jun 30;107(1-3):49-53.


These substrates show a structure very similar to the pyrethroids most often used (e.g. permethrin, cyfluthrin).
0(0,0,0,0) Details
19663108 Idriss S, Levitt J: Malathion for head lice and scabies: treatment and safety considerations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Aug;8(8):715-20.


In the present era of permethrin and lindane resistance to head lice, malathion is a first-line option.
0(0,0,0,0) Details