Protein Information

Name C18
Synonyms B1; D1; BBS 9; BBS9; BBS9 GENE; Bardet Biedl syndrome 9 protein; C18; PTH responsive osteosarcoma B1 protein…

Compound Information

Name simazine
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8360301 Balinova A: Solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for monitoring herbicides in drinking water. J Chromatogr. 1993 Jul 23;643(1-2):203-7.

Bentazone, 2,4-D, MCPA, fluazifop-acid, metoxuron, monolinuron, metobromuron, diuron, linuron, atrazine and simazine were determined simultaneously in a single run on a C18 HPLC column.
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15065776 Melo LF, Collins CH, Jardim IC: New materials for solid-phase extraction and multiclass high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pesticides in grapes. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Apr 2;1032(1-2):51-8.

Sample preparation procedures which included the use of new aminopropyl (NH2) and octadecyl (C18) solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents are proposed for the simultaneous multiclass determination of the fungicide benomyl and of the herbicides tebuthiuron, diuron, simazine, atrazine, and ametryn in grapes, using single wavelength high-performance liquid chromatography.
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12433116 Dopico MS, Gonzalez MV, Castro JM, Gonzalez E, Perez J, Rodriguez M, Calleja A: Determination of triazines in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J Chromatogr Sci. 2002 Oct;40(9):523-8.

In this study, carbonaceous and polymeric adsorbents are compared with C18 for the solid-phase extraction of simazine, atrazine, and propazine in water samples in order to quantitate their levels by high-performance liquid chromatography using photodiode-array detection.
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10720259 Pinto GM, Jardim IC: Use of solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of triazine residues in water: validation of the method. J Chromatogr A. 2000 Feb 11;869(1-2):463-9.

The method involves concentration with C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis using a C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm, a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at pH 4.6 (phosphoric acid) and a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min.
The method can be used for determination of atrazine, simazine, cyanazine and ametryn in water, within the international limits of 0.1 microg/l.
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7580319 Holland DC, Munns RK, Roybal JE, Hurlbut JA, Long AR: Liquid chromatographic determination of simazine, atrazine, and propazine residues in catfish. J AOAC Int. 1995 Jul-Aug;78(4):1067-71.

The herbicides are extracted from catfish homogenates with ethyl acetate, followed by solvent partitioning between acetonitrile and petroleum ether and additional cleanup on a C18 cartridge.
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8025630 Psathaki M, Manoussaridou E, Stephanou EG: Determination of organophosphorus and triazine pesticides in ground- and drinking water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus or mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A. 1994 Apr 29;667(1-2):241-8.

Trace enrichment and determination of ethoprophos, fenamiphos, fenthion, isophenphos, mevinphos, monocrotophos, atrazine and simazine were performed by solid-phase extraction on XAD-2 columns and Sep-Pak C18 cartridges, subsequent elution with an organic solvent and determination by GC with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) and mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring mode (MS-SIM).
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17723718 Bruzzoniti MC, Sarzanini C, Costantino G, Fungi M: Determination of herbicides by solid phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in drinking waters. Anal Chim Acta. 2006 Sep 25;578(2):241-9. Epub 2006 Jun 30.

A solid phase extraction (SPE) method has been optimized for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) simultaneous determination of herbicides belonging to the following different families: carbamate (molinate), atrazines (atrazine, propazine, simazine, ametryne, cyanazine, terbutylazine, deethylterbutylazine, deethylatrazine), dinitroaniline (trifluralin, pendimethalin), chloroacetamide (alachlor, metolachlor).
Different solid substrates have been compared (C18, cyano, styrene-divinylbenzene, phenyl, graphitic carbon).
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16915825 Cobb JM, Mattice JD, Senseman SA, Dumas JA, Mersie W, Riley MB, Potter TL, Mueller TC, Watson EB: Stability of pesticides on solid-phase extraction disks after incubation at various temperatures and for various time intervals: interlaboratory study. J AOAC Int. 2006 Jul-Aug;89(4):903-12.

Deionized water fortified with selected pesticides was extracted by using 2 types of SPE filtration disks (Empore C18 and Speedisk C18XF), and after extraction, the disks were incubated at 3 temperatures (25, 40, and 55 degrees C) and for 2 time intervals (4 and 14 days).
In addition, some of the laboratories included 2 of the following pesticides: metolachlor, metribuzin, simazine, chlorothalonil, and malathion.
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15909507 Melo LF, Collins CH, Jardim IC: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pesticides in tomatoes using laboratory-made NH2 and C18 solid-phase extraction materials. J Chromatogr A. 2005 May 6;1073(1-2):75-81.

The SPE materials were obtained by thermal immobilization of appropriate polysiloxanes onto 40 microm silica surfaces and were used in sample preparation for multiresidue analysis of the following pesticides: tebuthiuron and diuron (urea herbicides), simazine, atrazine and ametryn (triazines herbicides) and benomyl (benzimidazol fungicide).
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12831194 Queiroz SC, Melo LF, Jardim IC: Poly (methyloctadecylsiloxane) immobilized on silica by gamma radiation for use in solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2002 Mar 1;948(1-2):171-6.

This work presents a fast, easy and effective procedure to obtain silica-based C18 type sorbents for use in solid-phase extraction (SPE).
Water samples spiked with a mixture of pesticides (benomyl, tebuthiuron, diuron, simazine, atrazine and ametryn) were extracted in the off-line mode in order to evaluate the performance of this sorbent.
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2376549 Nash RG: Solid-phase extraction of carbofuran, atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and cyanazine from shallow well water. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1990 May-Jun;73(3):438-42.

Extraction of several nitrogen-containing pesticides from water on solid-phase C18 cartridges was rapid and accurate.
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18644603 Gervais G, Brosillon S, Laplanche A, Helen C: Ultra-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for multiresidue determination of pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A. 2008 Aug 22;1202(2):163-72. Epub 2008 Jul 9.

The selected pesticides represent a broad range of polarity and volatility [benzoylcyclohexanedione (mesotrione and sulcotrione); chloroacetamide (acetochlor, alachlor, dimethenamide, and metolachlor); phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D and MCPA); phenoxypropionic (dichloprop and mecoprop); phenylurea (chlortoluron, diuron, isoproturon, linuron, and metoxuron); sulfonylurea (foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron, and nicolsulfuron); triazine (atrazine, cyanazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), simazine, and terbutylazine)].
The separation was carried out on an acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 microm, 50 mm x 1 mm ID) using a gradient elution profile and mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile.
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16393901 Kotrikla A, Gatidou G, Lekkas TD: Monitoring of triazine and phenylurea herbicides in the surface waters of Greece. J Environ Sci Health B. 2006;41(2):135-44.

Samples from 10 rivers and 7 lakes were analyzed for the presence of five triazine (atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, simazine, terbuthylazine) and five phenylurea (chlorotoluron, diuron, linuron, metobromuron, monolinuron) herbicides.
The samples were extracted with C18 cartridges and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD).
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9271068 Martin-Esteban A, Fernandez P, Camera C: Baker's yeast biomass (Saccharomyces cerevisae) for selective on-line trace enrichment and liquid chromatography of polar pesticides in water. Anal Chem. 1997 Aug 15;69(16):3267-71.

Baker's yeast cells (Saccharomices cerevisae) were successfully immobilized onto silica gel and used in the on-line isolation and trace enrichment of desisopropylatrazine, desethylatrazine, hydroxyatrazine, simazine, cyanazine, atrazine, carbaryl, propanil, linuron, and fenamiphos.
The degree of selectivity was evaluated by comparing the chromatograms obtained after on-line sample preconcentration on the yeast precolumn with those obtained by on-line solid-phase extraction using a precolumn filled with C18 material.
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12867196 Ma WT, Fu KK, Cai Z, Jiang GB: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applied for the analysis of triazine herbicides in environmental waters. Chemosphere. 2003 Sep;52(9):1627-32.

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze simazine, atrazine (ATR), cyanazine, as well as the degradation products of ATR such as deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in environmental water samples.
Recovery of ATR by the SPE pre-concentration using a C18 cartridge was determined as 90.5 +/- 3.5%.
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10870695 Jeannot R, Sabik H, Sauvard E, Genin E: Application of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry combined with photodiode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry for monitoring pesticides in surface waters. J Chromatogr A. 2000 May 19;879(1):51-71.

Different extraction techniques were employed, including liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, and solid-phase extraction using C18-bonded silica and graphitized carbon black cartridges.
Eleven of the target chemicals (desethylatrazine, desisopropylatrazine, atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, metolachlor, carbendazime, bentazone, penconazole, diuron and isoproturon) were detected by LC-MS at concentrations ranging from 20 to 900 ng/l in the surface waters from France, and six pesticides (atrazine, desethylatrazine, desisopropylatrazine, cyanazine, simazine and metolachlor) were detected by LC-MS and LC-MS-MS at concentrations ranging from 3 to 52 ng/l in the samples drawn from the St.
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16797563 Chafer-Pericas C, Herraez-Hernandez R, Campins-Falco P: On-fibre solid-phase microextraction coupled to conventional liquid chromatography versus in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary liquid chromatography for the screening analysis of triazines in water samples. J Chromatogr A. 2006 Sep 1;1125(2):159-71. Epub 2006 Jun 23.

Atrazine, simazine, propazine, ametryn, prometryn and terbutryn were selected as model compounds.
The in-tube SPME approach with a C18 packed column (35 mm x 0.5 mm I.D., 5 microm particle size) connected to a switching micro-valve provided the best sensitivity; under such configuration the LODs were between 0.025 and 0.5 microg/L.
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10749506 Turiel E, Fernandez P, Perez-Conde C, Camara C: Trace-level determination of triazines and several degradation products in environmental waters by disk solid-phase extraction and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2000 Mar 3;872(1-2):299-307.

An analytical method combining disk solid-phase extraction with micellar electrokinetic chromatography has been developed for the determination of atrazine, simazine, hydroxyatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, deethylatrazine, propazine and prometryn in water samples.
C18-bonded silica and poly (styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) disks were evaluated for solid-phase extraction of the selected pesticides (11 of water sample).
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11227476 Galvez R, Pedrero M, Buyo F, Manuel de Villena FJ, Pingarron JM: Oil-in-water emulsions as suitable working media for the direct polarographic determination of aziprotryne and desmetryne from its organic extracts in water samples. Fresenius J Anal Chem. 2000 Jul;367(5):454-60.

At concentration levels of 6.0 x 10 (-7) mol L (-1) aziprotryne and 4.0 x 10 (-7) mol L (-1) desmetryne, recoveries of 94 +/- 3% and 94 +/- 4%, respectively, were obtained after preconcentration on Sep-Pack C18 cartridges.
Finally, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) has been used for treatment of the polarographic data obtained from mixtures of aziprotryne, desmetryne and simazine in oil-in-water emulsions.
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16922273 Guardia Rubio M, Ruiz Medina A, Molina Diaz A, Fernandez de Cordova ML: Determination of pesticides in washing waters of olive processing by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci. 2006 Jul;29(11):1578-86.

Preconcentration and clean-up were performed by elution of the pesticides from a C18 SPE cartridge using dichloromethane.
The most frequently encountered pesticide residues were terbuthylazine, simazine, and diuron.
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19071262 D'Archivio AA, Fanelli M, Mazzeo P, Ruggieri F: Comparison of different sorbents for multiresidue solid-phase extraction of 16 pesticides from groundwater coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta. 2007 Jan 15;71(1):25-30. Epub 2006 Apr 18.

The compounds analysed were: aldicarb, atrazine, desethylatrazine, desysopropylatrazine, carbofuran, 2,4-D, dicloran, fenitrothion, iprodione, linuron, metalaxyl, metazachlor, phenmedipham, procymidone, simazine and vinclozolin.
Five different SPE sorbents, C (18) bonded silica (Isolute SPE C18 (EC)), graphitised carbon black (Superclean Envi-Carb), highly cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene (Lichrolut EN), divinylbenzene-N-vinylpyrrolidone (Oasis HLB) and surface modified styrene-divinylbenzene (Strata X), were compared.
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9297841 Hogenboom AC, Speksnijder P, Vreeken RJ, Niessen WM, Brinkman UA: Rapid target analysis of microcontaminants in water by on-line single-short-column liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1997 Aug 8;777(1):81-90.

The applicability of trace enrichment and separation of microcontaminants on a 10 mm x 2 mm I.D. high-pressure packed (8 microns C18 bonded silica or 10-15 microns PLRP-S) column combined on-line with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS-MS system is demonstrated for the target analysis of herbicides in river water.
Target compound analyses of river water allowed the confirmation of the presence of herbicides such as diuron, simazine, atrazine and terbutylazine at sub-microgram/l levels.
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12406605 Hamada M, Wintersteiger R: Rapid screening of triazines and quantitative determination in drinking water. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 2002 Oct-Nov;53(1-3):229-39.

The method was also applied to other triazine herbicides such as ametryn, atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine and simazine.
Drinking water samples spiked with triazines were extracted using RP-C18 polar plus cartridges, and the extract could be then dansylated as a total.
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11013729 Hernandez F, Hidalgo C, Sancho JV, Lopez FJ: Coupled-column liquid chromatography applied to the trace-level determination of triazine herbicides and some of their metabolites in water samples. Anal Chem. 1998 Aug 1;70(15):3322-8.

First, a completely automated liquid chromatographic method based on on-line trace enrichment in a prepacked precolumn and using diode array detection has been developed for the simultaneous trace-level determination of six triazine herbicides (simazine, cyanazine, atrazine, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn) and the main atrazine metabolites (desisopropylatrazine, desethylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine).
After preconcentration parameters were optimized by testing two different sorbents (C18 and PRP-1) in three cartridges with different dimensions, a sample volume of 100 mL was selected in order to achieve maximal solute preconcentration.
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