Protein Information

Name RGL2
Synonyms HKE1.5; KE1.5; RAB2L; RAS associated protein RAB2L; RGL 2; RGL2; Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator like 2; RalGDS like factor…

Compound Information

Name gibberellins
CAS gibberellins

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15173565 Tyler L, Thomas SG, Hu J, Dill A, Alonso JM, Ecker JR, Sun TP: Della proteins and gibberellin-regulated seed germination and floral development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2004 Jun;135(2):1008-19. Epub 2004 Jun 1.


Three additional DELLA proteins RGL1, RGL2, and RGL3 are present in Arabidopsis.
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17384169 Ariizumi T, Steber CM: Seed germination of GA-insensitive sleepy1 mutants does not require RGL2 protein disappearance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Mar;19(3):791-804. Epub 2007 Mar 23.


We explore the roles of gibberellin (GA) signaling genes SLEEPY1 (SLY1) and RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) in regulation of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant in which the hormone GA is required for seed germination.
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17333251 Hussain A, Cao D, Peng J: Identification of conserved tyrosine residues important for gibberellin sensitivity of Arabidopsis RGL2 protein. Planta. 2007 Jul;226(2):475-83. Epub 2007 Mar 1.

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18941053 Piskurewicz U, Jikumaru Y, Kinoshita N, Nambara E, Kamiya Y, Lopez-Molina L: The gibberellic acid signaling repressor RGL2 inhibits Arabidopsis seed germination by stimulating abscisic acid synthesis and ABI5 activity. Plant Cell. 2008 Oct;20(10):2729-45. Epub 2008 Oct 21.

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17704233 Gan Y, Yu H, Peng J, Broun P: Genetic and molecular regulation by DELLA proteins of trichome development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007 Nov;145(3):1031-42. Epub 2007 Aug 17.

Gibberellins (GA) are known to influence phase change in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as well as the development of trichomes, which are faithful epidermal markers of shoot maturation.
In this study, we have probed the relative roles played by RGA, GAI, and two homologs, RGA-LIKE1 (RGL1) and RGL2, in these processes and investigated molecular mechanisms through which they influence epidermal differentiation.
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19500306 Suzuki H, Park SH, Okubo K, Kitamura J, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Iuchi S, Katoh E, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi I, Matsuoka M, Asami T, Nakajima M: Differential expression and affinities of Arabidopsis gibberellin receptors can explain variation in phenotypes of multiple knock-out mutants. Plant J. 2009 Oct;60(1):48-55. Epub 2009 May 27.


AtGID1c showed a quite lower affinity to RGL2, the major DELLA protein in floral buds, than AtGID1a or AtGID1b.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19556968 Piskurewicz U, Tureckova V, Lacombe E, Lopez-Molina L: Far-red light inhibits germination through DELLA-dependent stimulation of ABA synthesis and ABI3 activity. EMBO J. 2009 Jun 25;28(15):2259-2271.

This elicits a decrease in gibberellins (GA) levels and an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) levels.
We show that repression of germination by FR light involves stabilized DELLA factors GAI, RGA and RGL2 that stimulate endogenous ABA synthesis.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16339853 Ward JM, Smith AM, Shah PK, Galanti SE, Yi H, Demianski AJ, van der Graaff E, Keller B, Neff MM: A new role for the Arabidopsis AP2 transcription factor, LEAFY PETIOLE, in gibberellin-induced germination is revealed by the misexpression of a homologous gene, SOB2/DRN-LIKE. Plant Cell. 2006 Jan;18(1):29-39. Epub 2005 Dec 9.


These results suggest LEP is a positive regulator of GA-induced germination acting independently of RGL2.
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14973286 Cheng H, Qin L, Lee S, Fu X, Richards DE, Cao D, Luo D, Harberd NP, Peng J: Gibberellin regulates Arabidopsis floral development via suppression of DELLA protein function. Development. 2004 Mar;131(5):1055-64.


Genetic analysis shows that the Arabidopsis DELLA proteins RGA and RGL2 jointly repress petal, stamen and anther development in GA-deficient plants, and that this function is enhanced by RGL1 activity.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16916886 Yuan K, Wysocka-Diller J: Phytohormone signalling pathways interact with sugars during seed germination and seedling development. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(12):3359-67. Epub 2006 Aug 17.


This study demonstrates that the ABA Insensitive 3 (ABI3) gene in the ABA signalling pathway and the RGA-like 2 (RGL2) and SPINDLY (SPY) genes in the GA signalling pathways all play important roles in the glucose-induced delay of seed germination.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12183174 Peng J, Harberd NP: The role of GA-mediated signalling in the control of seed germination. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2002 Oct;5(5):376-81.


Two recent reports have indicated that RGL1 and RGL2, both homologous to the GA-response height-regulating factors GAI/RGA/RHT/d8/SLR1/SLN1, are repressors of seed germination in Arabidopsis.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11826301 Wen CK, Chang C: Arabidopsis RGL1 encodes a negative regulator of gibberellin responses. Plant Cell. 2002 Jan;14(1):87-100.


In Arabidopsis, the DELLA subfamily of GRAS regulatory genes consists of GAI, RGA, RGA-LIKE1 (RGL1), RGL2, and RGL3.
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19325888 Cheng H, Song S, Xiao L, Soo HM, Cheng Z, Xie D, Peng J: Gibberellin acts through jasmonate to control the expression of MYB21, MYB24, and MYB57 to promote stamen filament growth in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet. 2009 Mar;5(3):e1000440. Epub 2009 Mar 27.


Loss-of-function of two DELLAs RGA and RGL2 restores the expression of these three MYB genes together with restoration of stamen filament growth in GA-deficient plants.
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18363782 Kim SG, Lee AK, Yoon HK, Park CM: A membrane-bound NAC transcription factor NTL8 regulates gibberellic acid-mediated salt signaling in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant J. 2008 Jul;55(1):77-88.


Interestingly, NTL8 is significantly induced during cold imbibition, but the induction declines quickly in germinating seeds, like RGL2.
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15308775 Strader LC, Ritchie S, Soule JD, McGinnis KM, Steber CM: Recessive-interfering mutations in the gibberellin signaling gene SLEEPY1 are rescued by overexpression of its homologue, SNEEZY. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 24;101(34):12771-6. Epub 2004 Aug 12.


The sly1-2 and sly1-10 mutants have recessive, GA-insensitive phenotypes including delayed germination, dwarfism, reduced fertility, and overaccumulation of the DELLA proteins RGA (Repressor of ga1-3), GAI (GA-Insensitive), and RGL2 (RGA-Like 2).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15347801 Bassel GW, Zielinska E, Mullen RT, Bewley JD: Down-regulation of DELLA genes is not essential for germination of tomato, soybean, and Arabidopsis seeds. Plant Physiol. 2004 Sep;136(1):2782-9. Epub 2004 Sep 3.


Upon reexamination of RGL2 in Arabidopsis seeds, a decline in its expression was noted but only after radicle emergence, i.e. after germination had been completed.
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19228341 Maymon I, Greenboim-Wainberg Y, Sagiv S, Kieber JJ, Moshelion M, Olszewski N, Weiss D: Cytosolic activity of SPINDLY implies the existence of a DELLA-independent gibberellin-response pathway. Plant J. 2009 Jun;58(6):979-88. Epub 2009 Feb 18.


To examine whether modulation of cytokinin activity by GA and spy is mediated by the nuclear DELLA proteins, cytokinin responses were studied in double and quadruple della mutants lacking the activities of REPRESSOR OF GA1-3 (RGA) and GA-INSENSITIVE (GAI) or RGA, GAI, RGA Like1 (RGL1) and RGL2.
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16034591 Cao D, Hussain A, Cheng H, Peng J: Loss of function of four DELLA genes leads to light- and gibberellin-independent seed germination in Arabidopsis. Planta. 2005 Dec;223(1):105-13. Epub 2005 Jul 21.


In this report, using ga1-3 mutation as the genetic background, we confirm that RGL2, one member of the DELLA family, encodes the predominant repressor of seed germination in Arabidopsis and show that the other DELLA genes GAI,RGA and RGL1 enhance the function of RGL2.
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18162586 Toh S, Imamura A, Watanabe A, Nakabayashi K, Okamoto M, Jikumaru Y, Hanada A, Aso Y, Ishiyama K, Tamura N, Iuchi S, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, Nambara E, Kawakami N: High temperature-induced abscisic acid biosynthesis and its role in the inhibition of gibberellin action in Arabidopsis seeds. Plant Physiol. 2008 Mar;146(3):1368-85. Epub 2007 Dec 27.


Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) are well known to be involved in germination control, but it remains unknown how these hormone actions (metabolism and responsiveness) are altered at high temperature.
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11877383 Lee S, Cheng H, King KE, Wang W, He Y, Hussain A, Lo J, Harberd NP, Peng J: Gibberellin regulates Arabidopsis seed germination via RGL2, a GAI/RGA-like gene whose expression is up-regulated following imbibition. Genes Dev. 2002 Mar 1;16(5):646-58.

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16167898 Hussain A, Cao D, Cheng H, Wen Z, Peng J: Identification of the conserved serine/threonine residues important for gibberellin-sensitivity of Arabidopsis RGL2 protein. Plant J. 2005 Oct;44(1):88-99.

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