Protein Information

Name transferase
Synonyms 4' phosphopantetheinyl transferase; 4' phosphopantetheinyl transferase; AASD PPT; AASDHPPT; AASDPPT; Alpha aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase phosphopantetheinyl transferase; Aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase phosphopantetheinyl transferase; CGI 80…

Compound Information

Name gibberellins
CAS gibberellins

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12068105 Swain SM, Tseng TS, Thornton TM, Gopalraj M, Olszewski NE: SPINDLY is a nuclear-localized repressor of gibberellin signal transduction expressed throughout the plant. Plant Physiol. 2002 Jun;129(2):605-15.


SPY (SPINDLY) encodes a putative O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine transferase that is genetically defined as a negatively acting component of the gibberellin (GA) signal transduction pathway.
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16581875 Cervantes-Cervantes M, Gallagher CE, Zhu C, Wurtzel ET: Maize cDNAs expressed in endosperm encode functional farnesyl diphosphate synthase with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity. Plant Physiol. 2006 May;141(1):220-31. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

These maize cDNAs will be valuable tools for assessing the critical structural properties determining prenyl transferase specificity and in metabolic engineering of isoprenoid pathways, especially in cereal crops.
Terpenoids and sterols are derived from FPP, whereas gibberellins, carotenoids, casbenes, taxenes, and others originate from GGPP.
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11457967 Swain SM, Tseng TS, Olszewski NE: Altered expression of SPINDLY affects gibberellin response and plant development. Plant Physiol. 2001 Jul;126(3):1174-85.

Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones with diverse roles in plant growth and development.
SPINDLY (SPY) is one of several genes identified in Arabidopsis that are involved in GA response and it is thought to encode an O-GlcNAc transferase.
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14699134 Dominguez F, Moreno J, Cejudo FJ: A gibberellin-induced nuclease is localized in the nucleus of wheat aleurone cells undergoing programmed cell death. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 19;279(12):11530-6. Epub 2003 Dec 29.


The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay revealed that PCD was initiated in aleurone cells proximal to the embryo and then extended to distal cells.
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16473894 Hartweck LM, Genger RK, Grey WM, Olszewski NE: SECRET AGENT and SPINDLY have overlapping roles in the development of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(4):865-75. Epub 2006 Feb 10.


O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyses transfer of GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) to serine or threonine of proteins.
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93536 Schwaiger H, Tanner W: Effects of gibberellic acid and of tunicamycin on glycosyl-transferase activities and on alpha-amylase secretion in barley. Eur J Biochem. 1979 Dec 17;102(2):375-81.

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1832576 Gopalakrishnan B, Sonthayanon B, Rahmatullah R, Muthukrishnan S: Barley aleurone layer cell protoplasts as a transient expression system. Plant Mol Biol. 1991 Mar;16(3):463-7.


In the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG), the protoplasts took up exogenously added plasmid DNA containing the reporter gene coding for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) linked to a 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) or to barley alpha-amylase gene promoters and expressed CAT activity.
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10529823 Thornton TM, Swain SM, Olszewski NE: Gibberellin signal transduction presents ellipsisthe SPY who O-GlcNAc'd me. Trends Plant Sci. 1999 Nov;4(11):424-428.

Although the molecular mechanisms by which plants respond to gibberellins are largely unknown, several components of the signal transduction pathway have been identified and a broad outline of how these components act in signal transduction is emerging.
One component of the pathway, SPINDLY, is believed to be an O-GlcNAc transferase that post-translationally modifies cytosolic and nuclear proteins by the addition of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine.
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19011896 Filardo F, Robertson M, Singh DP, Parish RW, Swain SM: Functional analysis of HvSPY, a negative regulator of GA response, in barley aleurone cells and Arabidopsis. Planta. 2009 Feb;229(3):523-37. Epub 2008 Nov 15.


SPINDLY (SPY) is an important regulator of plant development, and consists of an N-half tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain containing 10 TPR motifs and a C-half catalytic domain, similar to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) of animals.
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