Protein Information

Name Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
Synonyms CD44; LHR; Heparan sulfate proteoglycan; CD44 antigen; CD44 antigen (Indian blood group); CD44 antigen (homing function and Indian blood group system); CD44 antigen precursor; CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)…

Compound Information

Name sodium chlorate
CAS sodium chlorate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15767480 Siffroi-Fernandez S, Cinaroglu A, Fuhrmann-Panfalone V, Normand G, Bugra K, Sahel J, Hicks D: Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) and FGF receptor 1 signaling in human Y79 retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar;123(3):368-76.

Low-affinity heparan sulfate proteoglycan coreceptors were blocked through sodium chlorate or heparinase treatment of Y79 cells.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
11821431 Kawashima H, Atarashi K, Hirose M, Hirose J, Yamada S, Sugahara K, Miyasaka M: Oversulfated chondroitin/dermatan sulfates containing GlcAbeta1/IdoAalpha1-3GalNAc (4,6-O-disulfate) interact with L- and P-selectin and chemokines. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 12;277(15):12921-30. Epub 2002 Jan 30.

Using a metabolic inhibitor of sulfation, sodium chlorate, we show that the interactions of the CS/DS chains of versican with L- and P-selectin and chemokines are sulfation-dependent but the interaction with CD44 is sulfation-independent.
33(0,1,1,3) Details
12423248 Deguchi Y, Okutsu H, Okura T, Yamada S, Kimura R, Yuge T, Furukawa A, Morimoto K, Tachikawa M, Ohtsuki S, Hosoya K, Terasaki T: Internalization of basic fibroblast growth factor at the mouse blood-brain barrier involves perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. J Neurochem. 2002 Oct;83(2):381-9.

Moreover, the heparin-resistant binding of [125I] bFGF in TM-BBB4 cells was significantly reduced by 50% following treatment with sodium chlorate, suggesting the loss of perlecan (a core protein of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, HSPG) from the extracellular matrix of the cells.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
19643179 Troeberg L, Fushimi K, Scilabra SD, Nakamura H, Dive V, Thogersen IB, Enghild JJ, Nagase H: The C-terminal domains of ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 promote association with N-TIMP-3. Matrix Biol. 2009 Oct;28(8):463-9. Epub 2009 Jul 28.

For this purpose, we first established a novel method of purifying recombinant FLAG-tagged TIMP-3 and its inhibitory N-terminal domain (N-TIMP-3) by treating transfected HEK293 cells with sodium chlorate to prevent heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated TIMP-3 internalization.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
9490645 Esford LE, Maiti A, Bader SA, Tufaro F, Johnson P: Analysis of CD44 interactions with hyaluronan in murine L cell fibroblasts deficient in glycosaminoglycan synthesis: a role for chondroitin sulfate. J Cell Sci. 1998 Apr;111 ( Pt 7):1021-9.

Treatment of L cells with sodium chlorate, an inhibitor of sulfation, also abolished inducible hyaluronan binding.
7(0,0,0,7) Details
11262187 Borgenstrom M, Tienhaara A, Spillmann D, Salmivirta M, Jalkanen M: Testosterone-induced growth of S115 mouse mammary tumor cells is dependent on heparan sulfate. Exp Cell Res. 2001 Apr 1;264(2):307-14.

We have previously shown that overexpression of syndecan-1 heparan sulfate proteoglycan renders S115 cells insensitive to testosterone and now demonstrate that this effect can be overcome by sodium chlorate treatment in combination with exogenous heparin.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
9542658 Nylander N, Smith LT, Underwood RA, Piepkorn M: Topography of amphiregulin expression in cultured human keratinocytes: colocalization with the epidermal growth factor receptor and CD44. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1998 Feb;34(2):182-8.

Metabolic blockade of proteoglycan sulfation with sodium chlorate inhibited growth of the cells and concurrently enhanced the nuclear, but decreased the outer leading edge, labeling for amphiregulin.
6(0,0,0,6) Details
9794764 Maiti A, Maki G, Johnson P: TNF-alpha induction of CD44-mediated leukocyte adhesion by sulfation. . Science. 1998 Oct 30;282(5390):941-3.

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17081280 Djanani A, Mosheimer B, Kaneider NC, Ross CR, Ricevuti G, Patsch JR, Wiedermann CJ: Heparan sulfate proteoglycan-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis toward PR-39 cathelicidin. J Inflamm. 2006 Nov 2;3:14.

Modification of heparan sulfate proteoglycans with sodium chlorate inhibited migration whereas chemotaxis toward the chemoattractant formyl-Met-Leu-Phe was not affected.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
11549250 Kaneider NC, Egger P, Dunzendorfer S, Wiedermann CJ: Syndecan-4 as antithrombin receptor of human neutrophils. . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Sep 14;287(1):42-6.

Antithrombin inhibits chemokine-induced migration of neutrophils by activating heparan sulfate proteoglycan-dependent signaling.
In vitro effects of antithrombin on human neutrophil migration in modified Boyden chambers were abolished by pretreating cells with heparinase-1, chondroitinase, sodium chlorate, and anti-syndecan-4 antibodies.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18037261 Oliveira FO Jr, Alves CR, Calvet CM, Toma L, Boucas RI, Nader HB, Castro Cortes LM, Krieger MA, Meirelles Mde N, Souza Pereira MC: Trypanosoma cruzi heparin-binding proteins and the nature of the host cell heparan sulfate-binding domain. Microb Pathog. 2008 Apr;44(4):329-38. Epub 2007 Oct 22.


We have previously demonstrated the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the attachment and invasion of T. cruzi in cardiomyocytes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9221767 Tolar M, Marques MA, Harmony JA, Crutcher KA: Neurotoxicity of the 22 kDa thrombin-cleavage fragment of apolipoprotein E and related synthetic peptides is receptor-mediated. J Neurosci. 1997 Aug 1;17(15):5678-86.

Effective inhibitors of neurotoxicity of both the apoE peptides and the apoE fragment include heparin, heparan sulfate, sodium chlorate and heparinase, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein receptor-associated protein, and a polyclonal anti-LDL receptor-related protein antibody.
These results suggest that the neurotoxicity of the 22 kDa thrombin cleavage fragment of apoE and related peptides is receptor-mediated, and that the most likely candidate receptor is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan-LDL receptor-related protein complex.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15292202 Gingis-Velitski S, Zetser A, Kaplan V, Ben-Zaken O, Cohen E, Levy-Adam F, Bashenko Y, Flugelman MY, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N: Heparanase uptake is mediated by cell membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 15;279(42):44084-92. Epub 2004 Jul 29.

Addition of heparin or xylosides to cell cultures resulted in a pronounced accumulation of, heparanase in the culture medium, whereas sodium chlorate had no such effect.
Moreover, cellular uptake of heparanase was markedly reduced in HS-deficient CHO-745 mutant cells, heparan sulfate proteoglycan-deficient HT-29 colon cancer cells, and heparinase-treated cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8096145 Patel M, Yanagishita M, Roderiquez G, Bou-Habib DC, Oravecz T, Hascall VC, Norcross MA: Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan mediates HIV-1 infection of T-cell lines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1993 Feb;9(2):167-74.

Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans HS chains was critical to viral entry as shown by inhibition of viral infection with sodium chlorate and its specific reversal with exogenous sulfate addition.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8150210 Bansal R, Pfeiffer SE: Inhibition of protein and lipid sulfation in oligodendrocytes blocks biological responses to FGF-2 and retards cytoarchitectural maturation, but not developmental lineage progression. Dev Biol. 1994 Apr;162(2):511-24.

Sulfation was inhibited in this system by growing cells in sodium chlorate, a competitive inhibitor of sulfation.
First, heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a necessary cofactor for the environmental regulation by FGF-2 of nontransformed oligodendrocyte progenitors, including both the mitogenic response and the inhibition of terminal differentiation at a specific stage of the lineage.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8780517 Krufka A, Guimond S, Rapraeger AC: Two hierarchies of FGF-2 signaling in heparin: mitogenic stimulation and high-affinity binding/receptor transphosphorylation. Biochemistry. 1996 Aug 27;35(34):11131-41.


FGF-2 activates multiple signaling pathways by a cell surface signaling complex assembled with FGF, its receptor tyrosine kinase, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14684735 Gao R, Brigstock DR: Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) induces adhesion of rat activated hepatic stellate cells by binding of its C-terminal domain to integrin alpha (v) beta (3) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 5;279(10):8848-55. Epub 2003 Dec 17.

Third, destruction or inhibition of synthesis of cell surface HSPGs with, respectively, heparinase or sodium chlorate abrogated HSC adhesion to CCN2 (4).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11801740 Kaneider NC, Reinisch CM, Dunzendorfer S, Romisch J, Wiedermann CJ: Syndecan-4 mediates antithrombin-induced chemotaxis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. J Cell Sci. 2002 Jan 1;115(Pt 1):227-36.

Effects of antithrombin were abolished by pretreating cells with heparinase-1, chondroitinase, sodium chlorate and anti-syndecan-4 antibodies.
Antithrombin inhibits chemokine-induced migration of neutrophils by activating heparan sulfate proteoglycan-dependent signaling.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12810721 Fuki IV, Blanchard N, Jin W, Marchadier DH, Millar JS, Glick JM, Rader DJ: Endogenously produced endothelial lipase enhances binding and cellular processing of plasma lipoproteins via heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated pathway. J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 5;278(36):34331-8. Epub 2003 Jun 16.

Inhibition of proteoglycan sulfation by sodium chlorate or incubation of cells with labeled lipoproteins in the presence of heparin (100 microg/ml) abolished bridging effects of EL.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1484387 Kallapur SG, Akeson RA: The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) heparin binding domain binds to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Neurosci Res. 1992 Dec;33(4):538-48.


Furthermore, inhibition of HSPG sulfation with sodium chlorate also decreased the adhesion of B35 cells to the HBD peptide.
0(0,0,0,0) Details