Protein Information

Name xanthine oxidase
Synonyms XDH; XDHA; XO; XOD; XOR; Xanthene dehydrogenase; Xanthine dehydrogenase; Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase…

Compound Information

Name eugenol
CAS 2-methoxy-4-(2-propen-1-yl)phenol

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19387769 Murata K, Nakao K, Hirata N, Namba K, Nomi T, Kitamura Y, Moriyama K, Shintani T, Iinuma M, Matsuda H: Hydroxychavicol: a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle. J Nat Med. 2009 Jul;63(3):355-9. Epub 2009 Apr 22.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
11062707 Okada N, Satoh K, Atsumi T, Tajima M, Ishihara M, Sugita Y, Yokoe I, Sakagami H, Fujisawa S: Radical modulating activity and cytotoxic activity of synthesized eugenol-related compounds. Anticancer Res. 2000 Sep-Oct;20(5A):2955-60.

The ability of nine synthetic eugenol-related compounds to scavenge O2- (generated by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction) was compared with their radical generation and cytotoxic activity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11834609 Chang MC, Uang BJ, Wu HL, Lee JJ, Hahn LJ, Jeng JH: Inducing the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of oral KB carcinoma cells by hydroxychavicol: roles of glutathione and reactive oxygen species. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;135(3):619-30.


HC (0.02 - 2 microM) was also able to trap superoxide radicals generated by a xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with 38 - 94% of inhibition.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7548177 Ko FN, Liao CH, Kuo YH, Lin YL: Antioxidant properties of demethyldiisoeugenol. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Sep 14;1258(2):145-52.


It also scavenged superoxide anion generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase and peroxyl radical (ROO.) derived from 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in aqueous system with a stoichiometric factor of 1.3 +/- 0.2.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9568113 Satoh K, Sakagami H, Yokoe I, Kochi M, Fujisawa S: Interaction between eugenol-related compounds and radicals. Anticancer Res. 1998 Jan-Feb;18(1A):425-8.

Their ability to scavenge the superoxide anion (O2-), generated by hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase reaction, was in the order of eugenol > bis-eugenol > BHA > bis-BHA.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9046022 Nagababu E, Lakshmaiah N: Inhibition of xanthine oxidase-xanthine-iron mediated lipid peroxidation by eugenol in liposomes. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997 Jan;166(1-2):65-71.
112(1,2,2,2) Details
8006231 Jeng JH, Hahn LJ, Lu FJ, Wang YJ, Kuo MY: Eugenol triggers different pathobiological effects on human oral mucosal fibroblasts. J Dent Res. 1994 May;73(5):1050-5.

In contrast, eugenol at a concentration less than 1 mmol/L might protect cells from the genetic attack of reactive oxygen species via inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation.
88(1,1,2,3) Details
9147382 Wie MB, Won MH, Lee KH, Shin JH, Lee JC, Suh HW, Song DK, Kim YH: Eugenol protects neuronal cells from excitotoxic and oxidative injury in primary cortical cultures. Neurosci Lett. 1997 Apr 4;225(2):93-6.

Oxidative neuronal injury induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase was also significantly reduced (75-90%) by eugenol (100- 300 microM) addition.
87(1,1,2,2) Details
8394839 Krishnakantha TP, Lokesh BR: Scavenging of superoxide anions by spice principles. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1993 Apr;30(2):133-4.

The superoxide anions, as measured by nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT) reduction in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, were inhibited by superoxide dismutase, spice principles eugenol (cloves) and cuminaldehyde (cumin), antioxidants, butylated hydroxy toluene and butylated hydroxyanisole in a dose-dependent manner.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
8267655 Rajakumar DV, Rao MN: Dehydrozingerone and isoeugenol as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and as free radical scavengers. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Dec 3;46(11):2067-72.

Isoeugenol was potent in scavenging superoxide anion generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, whereas eugenol was found to inhibit xanthine oxidase.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
7845373 Reddy AC, Lokesh BR: Studies on the inhibitory effects of curcumin and eugenol on the formation of reactive oxygen species and the oxidation of ferrous iron. Mol Cell Biochem. 1994 Aug 17;137(1):1-8.

Both curcumin and eugenol inhibited superoxide anion generation in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system to an extent of 40% and 50% at concentrations of 75 microM and 250 microM respectively.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
11576616 Kong LD, Abliz Z, Zhou CX, Li LJ, Cheng CH, Tan RX: Glycosides and xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Conyza bonariensis. Phytochemistry. 2001 Oct;58(4):645-51.

Fractionation of the xanthine oxidase inhibitory methanol extract of Conyza bonariensis afforded three glycosides, in addition to nine known compounds including amyrin, beta-sitostero1 daucosterol, syringic acid 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid, eugenol 4-O-glucopyranoside, and luteolin, apigenin and takakin 8-O-glucuronide.
33(0,1,1,3) Details
16756370 Trevisan MT, Vasconcelos Silva MG, Pfundstein B, Spiegelhalder B, Owen RW: Characterization of the volatile pattern and antioxidant capacity of essential oils from different species of the genus Ocimum. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Jun 14;54(12):4378-82.

O. sanctum), were evaluated using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase and the DPPH assays.
Antioxidant capacity was positively correlated (r = 0.92, p < 0.05) with a high proportion of compounds possessing a phenolic ring such as eugenol, while a strong negative correlation (r = -0.77, p > 0.1) with other major volatiles was observed.
2(0,0,0,2) Details