Protein Information

Name vitamin K epoxide reductase complex (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Vitamin K epoxide reductase; Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex; Vitamin K epoxide reductases

Compound Information

Name warfarin
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
20354686 Molden E, Okkenhaug C, Ekker Solberg E: Increased frequency of CYP2C9 variant alleles and homozygous VKORC1*2B carriers in warfarin-treated patients with excessive INR response. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 31.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have linked mutations in the genes encoding cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) to a reduced warfarin dose requirement and an increased risk of bleeding with warfarin treatment, but the implementation of genotyping as routine practice is still controversial.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
19479657 Cavallari LH, Limdi NA: Warfarin pharmacogenomics. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2009 Jun;11(3):243-51.

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) genes have recently been determined to be associated with warfarin dose requirements, with reduced doses of this drug being required in patients with the variant CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, or VKORC1 -1639A allele.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19099951 Yang J, Miao LY, Huang CR, Shen ZY, Jiang WP: [Association between CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and warfarin dose requirements]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2008 Feb;36(2):137-40.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genotype, age, body size, height, and weight to warfarin dose requirement.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
19571807 You JH, Tsui KK, Wong RS, Cheng G: Potential clinical and economic outcomes of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype-guided dosing in patients starting warfarin therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Nov;86(5):540-7. Epub 2009 Jul 1.

We used decision-tree modeling to simulate the outcomes of CYP2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) genotype-guided dosing in patients in whom warfarin therapy is to be initiated.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
20140106 Li J, Wang S, Barone J, Malone B: Warfarin pharmacogenomics. P T. 2009 Aug;34(8):422-7.

Achieving safe and effective doses of warfarin therapy is both an urgent and important concern for many clinicians.Recent research has focused on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes that encode two proteins: the cytochrome P450 2C9 enzyme and VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex).
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18752379 Limdi NA, Veenstra DL: Warfarin pharmacogenetics. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Sep;28(9):1084-97.

We review the evidence of the influence of the two key genes of interest, the cytochrome P450 2C9 gene, CYP2C9, and the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 gene, VKORC1, on warfarin response and discuss the implications of current knowledge for clinical practice.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18535201 Cooper GM, Johnson JA, Langaee TY, Feng H, Stanaway IB, Schwarz UI, Ritchie MD, Stein CM, Roden DM, Smith JD, Veenstra DL, Rettie AE, Rieder MJ: A genome-wide scan for common genetic variants with a large influence on warfarin maintenance dose. Blood. 2008 Aug 15;112(4):1022-7. Epub 2008 Jun 5.

Warfarin dosing is correlated with polymorphisms in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) and the cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genes.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18763667 LaSala A, Bower B, Windemuth A, White CM, Kocherla M, Seip R, Duconge J, Ruano G: Integrating genomic based information into clinical warfarin (Coumadin) management: an illustrative case report. Conn Med. 2008 Aug;72(7):399-403.

A second enzyme, Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex (VKORC) binds and reduces Vitamin K which is necessary for activation of clotting Factors II, VII, IX and X.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18240910 Wu AH: Use of genetic and nongenetic factors in warfarin dosing algorithms. Pharmacogenomics. 2007 Jul;8(7):851-61.

Recently, polymorphisms in two genes, cytochrome P450 2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1, have been shown to affect warfarin's pharmacogenomics and pharmacodynamics, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details