Protein Information

Name GGCX
Synonyms GC; GGCX; Gamma glutamyl carboxylase; Gamma glutamyl carboxylase variant; VKCFD 1; VKCFD1; Vitamin K gamma glutamyl carboxylase; Vitamin K dependent gamma carboxylase…

Compound Information

Name warfarin
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19233910 Rai AJ, Udar N, Saad R, Fleisher M: A multiplex assay for detecting genetic variations in CYP2C9, VKORC1, and GGCX involved in warfarin metabolism. Clin Chem. 2009 Apr;55(4):823-6. Epub 2009 Feb 20.

Genetic variations in the cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9 (CYP2C9), vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 (VKORC1), and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) genes have been shown to contribute to impaired metabolism of warfarin.
83(1,1,1,3) Details
19942260 Yang L, Ge W, Yu F, Zhu H: Impact of VKORC1 gene polymorphism on interindividual and interethnic warfarin dosage requirement--a systematic review and meta analysis. Thromb Res. 2010 Apr;125(4):e159-66. Epub 2009 Nov 25.

It has been suggested that anticoagulation effect of warfarin is significantly associated with the polymorphism of certain genes, including Cytochrome P450 complex subunit 2C9 (CYP2C9), Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1 (VKORC1), Gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylase (GGCX) and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) etc.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19958090 Lee MT, Chen CH, Chou CH, Lu LS, Chuang HP, Chen YT, Saleem AN, Wen MS, Chen JJ, Wu JY, Chen YT: Genetic determinants of warfarin dosing in the Han-Chinese population. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Dec;10(12):1905-13.

MATERIALS & METHODS: In this study, we screened for SNPs in 13 genes (VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, PROC, APOE, EPHX1, CALU, GGCX, ORM1, ORM2, factor II, factor VII and CYP4F2) and tested their associations with warfarin dosing with univariate and multiple regression analysis.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
19141161 Weston BW, Monahan PE: Familial deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Haemophilia. 2008 Nov;14(6):1209-13.

Combined deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X (and proteins C, S, and Z) is usually an acquired clinical problem, often resulting from liver disease, malabsorption, or warfarin overdose.
Biochemical and molecular studies identify two variants of this autosomal recessive disorder: VKCFD1, which is associated with point mutations in the gamma-glutamylcarboxylase gene (GGCX), and VKCFD2, which results from point mutations in the vitamin K epoxide reductase gene (VKOR).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20020283 Cadamuro J, Dieplinger B, Felder T, Kedenko I, Mueller T, Haltmayer M, Patsch W, Oberkofler H: Genetic determinants of acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon maintenance dose requirements. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Mar;66(3):253-60. Epub 2009 Dec 18.

OBJECTIVE: The variability in warfarin dose requirement is attributable to genetic and environmental factors.
METHODS: Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding cytochrome P450 family member 2C9 (CYP2C9), vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), calumenin (CALU) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) were studied in 206 patients receiving AC or PC.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19436136 Crosier MD, Peter I, Booth SL, Bennett G, Dawson-Hughes B, Ordovas JM: Association of sequence variations in vitamin K epoxide reductase and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase genes with biochemical measures of vitamin K status. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2009 Apr;55(2):112-9.

Genetic factors, specifically the VKORC1 and GGCX genes, have been shown to contribute to the interindividual variability in response to the vitamin K-antagonist, warfarin, which influences the dose required to achieve the desired anticoagulation response.
34(0,1,1,4) Details
20128861 Lubitz SA, Scott SA, Rothlauf EB, Agarwal A, Peter I, Doheny D, van der Zee S, Jaremko M, Yoo C, Desnick RJ, Halperin JL: Comparative performance of gene-based warfarin dosing algorithms in a multiethnic population. J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Feb 2.

Additional covariates tested with each model included race, concurrent medications, medications known to interact with warfarin, and previously described CYP4F2, CALU, and GGCX variants.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18680736 Wang TL, Li HL, Tjong WY, Chen QS, Wu GS, Zhu HT, Hou ZS, Xu S, Ma SJ, Wu M, Tai S: Genetic factors contribute to patient-specific warfarin dose for Han Chinese. Clin Chim Acta. 2008 Oct;396(1-2):76-9. Epub 2008 Jul 12.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
19582440 Ohno M, Yamamoto A, Ono A, Miura G, Funamoto M, Takemoto Y, Otsu K, Kouno Y, Tanabe T, Masunaga Y, Nonen S, Fujio Y, Azuma J: Influence of clinical and genetic factors on warfarin dose requirements among Japanese patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;65(11):1097-103. Epub 2009 Jul 7.

PCR-based methods were performed to analyze genetic polymorphisms in the genes pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically related to warfarin reactions, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) and factor VII (FVII).
6(0,0,1,1) Details
19448531 Kaplinska K, Mielicki WP: Direct analysis reveals an absence of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in cancer procoagulant from human tissues. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2009 Jul;20(5):315-20.

Additional carboxylation of glutamic acid by vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase is a common posttranslational modification of many proteins, including some of blood clotting factors.
Vitamin K-antagonists, such as warfarin, are often included in the therapy of malignant disease, decreasing the blood coagulation potential.
1(0,0,0,1) Details