Protein Information

Name xanthine oxidase
Synonyms XDH; XDHA; XO; XOD; XOR; Xanthene dehydrogenase; Xanthine dehydrogenase; Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase…

Compound Information

Name anthraquinone
CAS 9,10-anthracenedione

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
7639535 Malisza KL, Hasinoff BB: Production of hydroxyl radical by iron (III)-anthraquinone complexes through self-reduction and through reductive activation by the xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine system. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Aug 1;321(1):51-60.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
12688675 Pawlowska J, Tarasiuk J, Wolf CR, Paine MJ, Borowski E: Differential ability of cytostatics from anthraquinone group to generate free radicals in three enzymatic systems: NADH dehydrogenase, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, and xanthine oxidase. Oncol Res. 2003;13(5):245-52.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
2166575 Alegria AE, Rodriguez MS, Hernandez J: Semiquinones derived from anthraquinone-containing antitumor drugs can partition into phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Jul 20;1035(1):51-5.

Semiquinones derived from anthraquinone-containing antitumor drugs (doxorubicin, daunorubicin and 4'-epidoxorubicin) were generated by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system in argon-saturated phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) in the presence of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) containing 1 mol% of a doxylstearic acid (DSA) isomer.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
223343 Lengfelder E, Elstner EF: Cyanide insensitive iron superoxide dismutase in Euglena gracilis. Z Naturforsch C. 1979 May-Jun;34C(5-6):374-80.

Both proteins show cyanide-insensitive superoxide dismutase activity in the "classical" superoxide dismutase assay, using xanthine-xanthine oxidase as O2.- generator.
If O2.- is generated chemically (autoxidation of reduced anthraquinone), photochemically (illuminated riboflavine) or pulse radiolytically, only protein P1 but not P2 shows SOD activity.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
2753390 Monteiro HP, Vile GF, Winterbourn CC: Release of iron from ferritin by semiquinone, anthracycline, bipyridyl, and nitroaromatic radicals. Free Radic Biol Med. 1989;6(6):587-91.

Compounds were reduced to their corresponding radicals with xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine under N2 and the release of Fe2+ was monitored by complexation with ferrozine.
Ferritin iron was released by a number of bipyridyl radicals including those derived from diquat and paraquat, the anthracycline radicals of adriamycin, daunorubicin and epirubicin, the semiquinones of anthraquinone-2-sulphonate, 1,5 and 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1-hydroxyanthraquinone, purpurin, and plumbagin, and the nitroaromatic radicals of nitrofurantoin and metronidazole.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11197344 Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Toguchida I, Park JY, Harima S, Yoshikawa M: Antioxidant constituents from rhubarb: structural requirements of stilbenes for the activity and structures of two new anthraquinone glucosides. Bioorg Med Chem. 2001 Jan;9(1):41-50.

In addition, several stilbenes with both the 3-hydroxyl and 4'-methoxyl groups inhibited xanthine oxidase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2827582 Vile GF, Winterbourn CC, Sutton HC: Radical-driven Fenton reactions: studies with paraquat, adriamycin, and anthraquinone 6-sulfonate and citrate, ATP, ADP, and pyrophosphate iron chelates. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987 Dec;259(2):616-26.

Radicals were generated either radiolytically or enzymatically with xanthine oxidase or ferredoxin reductase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2891826 Mian M, Brunelleschi S, Tarli S, Rubino A, Benetti D, Fantozzi R, Zilletti L: Rhein: an anthraquinone that modulates superoxide anion production from human neutrophils. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1987 Oct;39(10):845-7.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
8646615 Winston GW, Moore MN, Kirchin MA, Soverchia C: Production of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes from the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis: lysosomal localization and effect of xenobiotics. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1996 Feb;113(2):221-9.


Uptake of the anthraquinone, purpurin, and FeEDTA with DHR greatly amplified fluorescence within the lysosomes.
0(0,0,0,0) Details