Protein Information

Name GLUT1
Synonyms Erythrocyte/hepatoma glucose transporter; GLUT; GLUT 1; GLUT1; Glucose transporter 1; HepG2 glucose transporter; SLC2A1; Glucose transporter 1s…

Compound Information

Name sodium azide
CAS sodium azide

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
14578187 Heilig C, Brosius F, Siu B, Concepcion L, Mortensen R, Heilig K, Zhu M, Weldon R, Wu G, Conner D: Implications of glucose transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1)-haplodeficiency in embryonic stem cells for their survival in response to hypoxic stress. Am J Pathol. 2003 Nov;163(5):1873-85.

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9788740 Behrooz A, Ismail-Beigi F: Induction of GLUT1 mRNA in response to azide and inhibition of protein synthesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 Oct;187(1-2):33-40.

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10572068 Ouiddir A, Planes C, Fernandes I, VanHesse A, Clerici C: Hypoxia upregulates activity and expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Dec;21(6):710-8.

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9685425 Hresko RC, Heimberg H, Chi MM, Mueckler M: Glucosamine-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is caused by depletion of intracellular ATP. J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 7;273(32):20658-68.


Subcellular fractionation experiments demonstrated that reduction in insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake by glucosamine was due to an inhibition of translocation of both Glut 1 and Glut 4 from the low density microsomes (LDM) to the plasma membrane.
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11171597 Kang J, Heart E, Sung CK: Effects of cellular ATP depletion on glucose transport and insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;280(3):E428-35.

To study the role of ATP depletion in insulin resistance, we employed sodium azide (NaN3) and dinitrophenol (DNP), which affect mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, to achieve a similar 15% ATP depletion.
Unlike glucosamine, NaN3 and DNP markedly increased basal glucose transport, and the increased basal glucose transport was associated with increased GLUT-1 content in the plasma membrane without changes in total GLUT-1 content.
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17957036 Brown AE, Elstner M, Yeaman SJ, Turnbull DM, Walker M: Does impaired mitochondrial function affect insulin signaling and action in cultured human skeletal muscle cells?. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;294(1):E97-102. Epub 2007 Oct 23.

GLUT1 mRNA expression remained unchanged, whereas GLUT4 mRNA expression increased following azide treatment.
To address this, a model of impaired cellular respiratory function was established by incubating human skeletal muscle cell cultures with the mitochondrial inhibitor sodium azide and examining the effects on insulin action.
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9382751 Speert DP, Wong SY, Macdonald M, Sargeant R: Modulation of macrophage function for defence of the lung against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Behring Inst Mitt. 1997 Feb;(98):274-82.

Treatment of freshly explanted pulmonary alveolar macrophages with sodium azide (to poison oxidative respiration) dramatically enhances both glucose transport and glucose-dependent phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa.
We have shown that phagocytosis of unopsonized P. aeruginosa depends upon facilitated transport of glucose into macrophages via the GLUT1 isoform.
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