Protein Information

Name immunoglobulin (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Immunoglobulin; Immunoglobulins

Compound Information

Name mercuric chloride
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15720444 Hansson M, Djerbi M, Rabbani H, Mellstedt H, Gharibdoost F, Hassan M, Depierre JW, Abedi-Valugerdi M: Exposure to mercuric chloride during the induction phase and after the onset of collagen-induced arthritis enhances immune/autoimmune responses and exacerbates the disease in DBA/1 mice. Immunology. 2005 Mar;114(3):428-37.

In susceptible mice, mercuric chloride induces a systemic autoimmune response that is characterized by elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), production of anti-nucleolar antibodies (ANolAs) and the formation of renal IgG deposits.
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7778685 Aten J, Veninga A, Coers W, Sonnenberg A, Timpl R, Claessen N, van Eendenburg JD, de Heer E, Weening JJ: Autoantibodies to the laminin P1 fragment in HgCl2-induced membranous glomerulopathy. Am J Pathol. 1995 Jun;146(6):1467-80.

Exposure to mercuric chloride induces the development of a membranous glomerulopathy with high proteinuria in DZB rats, in which immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgG2a bound in the glomeruli were previously found to react with laminin of the EHS tumor and several unidentified glomerular basement membrane components.
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11975761 Roether S, Rabbani H, Mellstedt H, Abedi-Valugerdi M: Spontaneous downregulation of antibody/autoantibody synthesis in susceptible mice upon chronic exposure to mercuric chloride is not owing to a general immunosuppression. Scand J Immunol. 2002 May;55(5):493-502.

Administration of mercuric chloride into susceptible rats and mice induces a systemic autoimmune disease, which is characterized by a T-cell-dependent polyclonal B-cell activation, an increase in serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgE, production of antibodies of different specificities and development of renal IgG deposits.
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15140057 Hansson M, Abedi-Valugerdi M: Mercuric chloride induces a strong immune activation, but does not accelerate the development of dermal fibrosis in tight skin 1 mice. Scand J Immunol. 2004 May;59(5):469-77.

In susceptible mice, mercuric chloride induces a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by increased serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgE, production of anti-nucleolar autoantibodies (ANolA) and formation of renal IgG deposits.
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8296602 Qasim FJ, Mathieson PW, Thiru S, Oliveira DB, Lockwood CM: Further characterization of an animal model of systemic vasculitis. . Adv Exp Med Biol. 1993;336:133-7.

We describe some preliminary experiments on the effect of transfer of serum from mercuric chloride treated rats and of two forms of immunotherapy: intravenous immunoglobulin and an anti-CD4 antibody.
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14597222 Bigazzi PE, Kosuda LL, Hannigan MO, Whalen B, Greiner DL: Lack of graft-versus-host-like pathology in mercury-induced autoimmunity of Brown Norway rats. Clin Immunol. 2003 Nov;109(2):229-37.


The repeated administration of mercury to Brown Norway (BN) rats induces the production of autoantibodies to laminin 1 and other autoantigens, accompanied by renal deposition of immunoglobulins and a membranous glomerulonephropathy.
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8643162 Vendeville B, Baran D, Gascon-Barre M: Effects of vitamin D3 and cyclosporin A on HgCl2-induced autoimmunity in brown Norway rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995 Nov;10(11):2020-6.

The following markers of disease activity were evaluated: mortality, peak proteinuria, serum IgE concentrations, and renal immunoglobulin deposition.
BACKGROUND: Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces a lymphoproliferative disorder and autoimmune glomerulonephritis in Brown Norway (BN) rats.
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9485198 Druet E, Praddaude F, Druet P, Dietrich G: Non-immunoglobulin serum proteins prevent the binding of IgG from normal rats and from rats with Th2-mediated autoimmune glomerulonephritis to various autoantigens including glomerular antigens. Eur J Immunol. 1998 Jan;28(1):183-92.

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces in Brown-Norway (BN) rats a Th2-dependent polyclonal B cell activation, a huge increase in serum IgE and IgG1 concentrations, the production of numerous autoantibodies and an autoantibody-mediated glomerulonephritis.
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11696200 MacPhee IA, Turner DR, Yagita H, Oliveira DB: CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) do not have distinct roles in setting the Th1/Th2 balance in autoimmunity in rats. Scand J Immunol. 2001 Nov;54(5):486-94.

We addressed this issue by using mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced autoimmunity in Brown Norway (BN) rats as a highly polarized Th2 model and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats as a highly polarized Th1 model.
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to CD80 and CD86, given singly, had little effect in either model, however when given together they almost completely suppressed the HgCl2-induced autoimmunity: the peak immunoglobulin (Ig) E concentration was 3.25 microg/ml in treated animals versus 2770 microg/ml in controls (P < 0.0001); caecal vasculitis was suppressed with a median vasculitis score of 0 in treated animals versus 6 in controls (P < 0.0001); and new germinal centre formation was significantly suppressed.
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8497865 Hua J, Pelletier L, Berlin M, Druet P: Autoimmune glomerulonephritis induced by mercury vapour exposure in the Brown Norway rat. Toxicology. 1993 Apr 30;79(2):119-29.

Subcutaneous injections of mercuric chloride induce an autoimmune glomerulonephritis with both granular and linear IgG deposits along the glomerular capillary wall and proteinuria.
This disease is due to a T cell dependent polyclonal B cell activation responsible for production of antibodies against self (glomerular basement membrane, immunoglobulins, DNA, myeloperoxydase) and non self (sheep red blood cells, trinitrophenol (TNP)) components.
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8168152 Kosuda LL, Greiner DL, Bigazzi PE: Mercury-induced renal autoimmunity in BN--> LEW.1N chimeric rats. Cell Immunol. 1994 Apr 15;155(1):77-94.

They had autoantibodies to laminin and linear binding of immunoglobulins in their kidneys as well as a decreased percentage of RT6.2+ T lymphocytes in cervical lymph nodes.
Repeated exposure to relatively low doses of mercuric chloride causes a variety of autoimmune responses in rats of the Brown Norway (BN) strain.
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11737666 Bagenstose LM, Mentink-Kane MM, Brittingham A, Mosser DM, Monestier M: Mercury enhances susceptibility to murine leishmaniasis. . Parasite Immunol. 2001 Dec;23(12):633-40.

We show that subtoxic doses of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) exacerbate disease outcome in SJL mice resulting in increased footpad swelling and increased parasite burdens.
HgCl2 treatment also increased production of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgG1, two IL-4 dependent isotypes.
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8388693 Mathieson PW, Qasim FJ, Esnault VL, Oliveira DB: Animal models of systemic vasculitis. . J Autoimmun. 1993 Apr;6(2):251-64.


We have recently reported that Brown Norway rats treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) develop necrotizing leucocytoclastic vasculitis, especially in the gut, and also develop antibodies to myeloperoxidase (MPO) which recognize similar determinants on MPO to those bound by a subset of ANCA.
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15379988 Vinen CS, Turner DR, Oliveira DB: Resistance to re-challenge in the Brown Norway rat model of vasculitis is not always complete and may reveal separate effector and regulatory populations. Immunology. 2004 Oct;113(2):269-76.

Administration of mercuric chloride to Brown Norway rats results in T helper type 2 (Th2)- dominated autoimmunity characterized by high immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations, the production of multiple IgG autoantibodies, including those to glomerular basement membrane (GBM), arthritis and caecal vasculitis.
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14738445 Wu Z, Holwill SD, Oliveira DB: Desferrioxamine modulates chemically induced T helper 2-mediated autoimmunity in the rat. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Feb;135(2):194-9.

A rise in interleukin (IL) 4-dependent immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a hallmark of the mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced Th2-mediated autoimmune syndrome in the Brown Norway (BN) rat, and one of the mediators in allergic asthma in human.
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9353153 Abedi-Valugerdi M, Hu H, Moller G: Mercury-induced renal immune complex deposits in young (NZB x NZW) F1 mice: characterization of antibodies/autoantibodies. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Oct;110(1):86-91.

We found that young (NZB x NZW) F1 mice injected with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 6 weeks developed intense antibody formation of all immunoglobulin isotypes (except for IgG2b) as well as high levels of granular deposits of IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3 antibodies in the renal mesangium.
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11412307 Dammers PM, Bun JC, Bellon B, Kroese FG, Aten J, Bos NA: Immunoglobulin VH-gene usage of autoantibodies in mercuric chloride-induced membranous glomerulopathy in the rat. Immunology. 2001 Jun;103(2):199-209.
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2015703 Rossi F, Bellon B, Vial MC, Druet P, Kazatchkine MD: Beneficial effect of human therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) in mercuric-chloride-induced autoimmune disease of Brown-Norway rats. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Apr;84(1):129-33.
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8958063 Hodson D, Oliveira DB: The strain difference in the effect of mercuric chloride on antigen-triggered serotonin release from rat mast cells is not mediated via interferon-gamma. Immunology. 1996 Nov;89(3):463-7.

Previous work has shown that in vitro exposure of Brown-Norway (BN) rat peritoneal mast cells to mercuric chloride (HgCl2) causes enhancement of subsequent mediator release induced by cross-linking of surface immunoglobulin E (IgE).
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15255970 Vinen CS, Turner DR, Oliveira DB: A central role for the mast cell in early phase vasculitis in the Brown Norway rat model of vasculitis: a histological study. Int J Exp Pathol. 2004 Jun;85(3):165-74.

Administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl (2)) to Brown Norway rats causes Th2-dominated autoimmunity with raised immunoglobulin E concentrations and gut vasculitis, both of which are T-cell dependent, peak at 14 days after starting HgCl (2) and then spontaneously resolve.
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16476060 MacPhee IA, Yagita H, Oliveira DB: Blockade of OX40-ligand after initial triggering of the T helper 2 response inhibits mercuric chloride-induced autoimmunity. Immunology. 2006 Mar;117(3):402-8.

Delayed treatment commenced 8 days after the first HgCl2 injection significantly suppressed immunoglobulin E production, splenomegaly, weight loss and mortality.
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7835975 Druet E, Guery JC, Ayed K, Guilbert B, Avrameas S, Druet P: Characteristics of polyreactive and monospecific IgG anti-laminin autoantibodies in the rat mercury model. Immunology. 1994 Nov;83(3):489-94.


The properties of three IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) previously obtained in this model, and of immunoglobulins eluted from kidneys of diseased rats, were compared in the present study.
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18972395 Brandao R, Borges LP, de Oliveira R, Rocha JB, Nogueira CW: Diphenyl diselenide protects against hematological and immunological alterations induced by mercury in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2008 Sep;22(5):311-9.

After this week, mice received daily mercuric chloride (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) for 2 weeks.
A number of hematological (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocytes, and leukocytes differential) and immunological (immunoglobulin G and M plasma concentration) parameters were evaluated.
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11485386 Strenzke N, Grabbe J, Plath KE, Rohwer J, Wolff HH, Gibbs BF: Mercuric chloride enhances immunoglobulin E-dependent mediator release from human basophils. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Aug 1;174(3):257-63.
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9764596 Bagenstose LM, Salgame P, Monestier M: Mercury-induced autoimmunity in the absence of IL-4. . Clin Exp Immunol. 1998 Oct;114(1):9-12.

In susceptible H-2S mice, mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces an autoimmune syndrome characterized by production of anti-nucleolar antibodies (ANoA) and increased serum levels of IgG1 and IgE antibodies.
We then analysed ANoA and serum immunoglobulin levels in these mice after HgCl2 treatment.
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8082302 Mathieson PW, Qasim FJ, Thiru S, Oldroyd RG, Oliveira DB: Effects of decomplementation with cobra venom factor on experimental vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Sep;97(3):474-7.

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces autoimmunity in susceptible rat strains, with hyper-IgE, appearance of a number of autoantibodies, and widespread tissue injury, including necrotizing vasculitis in the gut.
In the early phase of tissue injury there is granulocyte infiltration; later there is immunoglobulin deposition along basement membranes in vessels.
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10666595 Sun PD, Hammer CH: Mass-spectrometry assisted heavy-atom derivative screening of human Fc gamma RIII crystals. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2000 Feb;56(Pt 2):161-8.


Using mass spectrometry, several heavy-atom compounds have been screened in order to obtain potential phasing derivatives for the crystals of a human immunoglobulin Fc receptor, Fc gamma RIII.
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11439166 Abedi-Valugerdi M, Hansson M, Moller G: Genetic control of resistance to mercury-induced immune/autoimmune activation. Scand J Immunol. 2001 Jul-Aug;54(1-2):190-7.


Previous studies have shown that genetic factors control the susceptibility to mercury-induced immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibody formation, IgE synthesis, renal IgG deposits and antinucleolar autoantibodies (ANolA) production in the susceptible mice.
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2407537 Guery JC, Tournade H, Pelletier L, Druet E, Druet P: Rat anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in toxin-induced autoimmunity and in chronic graft-vs.-host reaction share recurrent idiotypes. Eur J Immunol. 1990 Jan;20(1):101-5.


In the present study, it is shown that immunoglobulins bearing such "public" idiotypes are also produced and deposited in the kidney in these three models.
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10651952 MacPhee IA, Turner DR, Oliveira DB: The role of endogenous steroid hormones in the generation of T helper 2-mediated autoimmunity in mercuric chloride-treated Brown-Norway rats. Immunology. 2000 Jan;99(1):141-6.

In both groups of Adx animals there was a delay in the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum concentrations on day 9 were marginally lower (P = 0.035, repeated measures ANOVA).
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11169206 Worth RG, Esper RM, Warra NS, Kindzelskii AL, Rosenspire AL, Todd RF 3rd, Petty HR: Mercury inhibition of neutrophil activity: evidence of aberrant cellular signalling and incoherent cellular metabolism. Scand J Immunol. 2001 Jan;53(1):49-55.


We found that HgCl (2) inhibited: (1) polarization and (2) immunoglobulin (Ig) G-mediated phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner from 2.5 to 10 microM.
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2407540 Guery JC, Druet E, Glotz D, Hirsch F, Mandet C, De Heer E, Druet P: Specificity and cross-reactive idiotypes of anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies in HgCl2-induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Eur J Immunol. 1990 Jan;20(1):93-100.


CRId-bearing immunoglobulins were detected transiently in the circulation and paralleled the anti-laminin antibody activity.
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10886398 Szeto C, Gillespie KM, Mathieson PW: Levamisole induces interleukin-18 and shifts type 1/type 2 cytokine balance. Immunology. 2000 Jun;100(2):217-24.

BN rats treated with levamisole showed a dose-dependent rise in serum IFN-gamma and fall in serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level.
Further, the type 2 response induced in BN rats by mercuric chloride was markedly attenuated when rats were pretreated with levamisole: there was a 2-log reduction in maximum serum IgE level and marked attenuation of IL-4 gene upregulation.
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8666905 Biancone L, Andres G, Ahn H, Lim A, Dai C, Noelle R, Yagita H, De Martino C, Stamenkovic I: Distinct regulatory roles of lymphocyte costimulatory pathways on T helper type-2 mediated autoimmune disease. J Exp Med. 1996 Apr 1;183(4):1473-81.


Inhibition of CD40-CD40-L and CTLA4/CD28-B7s interactions by anti-CD40-L antibody and soluble CTLA4-immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein, respectively, abrogated the autoimmune disease without affecting interleukin 4 (IL-4) production, showing the importance of physical contact between T and B lymphocytes in the Th2-mediated process.
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