Protein Information

Name superoxide dismutase
Synonyms IPO B; Indophenoloxidase B; MNSOD; Manganese superoxide dismutase; Manganese containing superoxide dismutase; Mangano superoxide dismutase; Mn superoxide dismutase; Mn SOD…

Compound Information

Name mercuric chloride
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12111001 Shimojo N, Kumagai Y, Nagafune J: Difference between kidney and liver in decreased manganese superoxide dismutase activity caused by exposure of mice to mercuric chloride. Arch Toxicol. 2002 Jul;76(7):383-7. Epub 2002 Jun 18.
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11599730 Mahboob M, Shireen KF, Atkinson A, Khan AT: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity in different organs of mice exposed to low level of mercury. J Environ Sci Health B. 2001 Sep;36(5):687-97.

The effects of mercuric chloride (Hg) on lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in different organs of mice (CD-1) were evaluated.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
15466269 Jo SK, Hu X, Yuen PS, Aslamkhan AG, Pritchard JB, Dear JW, Star RA: Delayed DMSO administration protects the kidney from mercuric chloride-induced injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Oct;15(10):2648-54.

DMSO partially prevented a mercuric chloride-induced decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity and completely prevented the transient decrease in superoxide dismutase activity.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17436531 Kavitha AV, Jagadeesan G: Role of Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) (Zygophyllacea) against mercuric chloride induced nephrotoxicity in mice, Mus musculus (Linn.). J Environ Biol. 2006 May;27(2 Suppl):397-400.

At median-lethal dose of mercuric chloride (12.9 mg/kg body weight), the whole kidney tissue showed an increased level of lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and simultaneously a decreased level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH).
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10390852 Hussain S, Atkinson A, Thompson SJ, Khan AT: Accumulation of mercury and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in brain, liver, and kidneys of mice. J Environ Sci Health B. 1999 Jul;34(4):645-60.

The effect of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and its effect on glutathione (GSH) content were evaluated in different organs (liver, kidneys, and brain) of mice after administration at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day for 14 days.
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19576259 Rao MV, Chhunchha B: Protective role of melatonin against the mercury induced oxidative stress in the rat thyroid. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Jan;48(1):7-10. Epub 2009 Jul 1.

Present study investigated the protective role of melatonin (MLT, 5mg/kg body wt., ip) against the long term effects of mercuric chloride (MC; 2 and 4 mg/kg body wt., po) in the thyroid gland of the rats through certain antioxidative indices like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), other biochemical parameters such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), acid phosphatase (ACPase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) were also measured.
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17706852 Sharma MK, Sharma A, Kumar A, Kumar M: Spirulina fusiformis provides protection against mercuric chloride induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Dec;45(12):2412-9. Epub 2007 Jun 28.

The activities of antioxidants enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were also concomitantly restored to near normal level by Spirulina supplementation to mercuric chloride intoxicated mice.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
18329842 Rao MV, Gangadharan B: Antioxidative potential of melatonin against mercury induced intoxication in spermatozoa in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008 Jun;22(4):935-42. Epub 2008 Feb 2.

Sperm samples were dispersed in RPS medium (pH 6.9) and incubated with mercury in the form of mercuric chloride (MC) at three different concentrations (1 microM, 10 microM, 100 microM), melatonin (MLT) at a concentration (100 microM) and mercuric chloride+melatonin (100 microM each) for 3h at 32 degrees C.
An aliquot of sperm sample was homogenised, centrifuged and used for the assay of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, TBARS assay to detect lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation assay.
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15977196 Bando I, Reus MI, Andres D, Cascales M: Endogenous antioxidant defence system in rat liver following mercury chloride oral intoxication. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2005;19(3):154-61.


Superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathion peroxidase are proteins involved in the endogenous antioxidant defence system.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12243351 Lee YY, Jung HI, Park EH, Sa JH, Lim CJ: Regulation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. Mol Cells. 2002 Aug 31;14(1):43-9.

Cupric chloride (4.5 microM), aluminum chloride (10 mM), cadmium chloride (30 microM, 50 microM), mercuric chloride (1 microM), zinc chloride (11 mM), and hydrogen peroxide (0.3 mM) enhanced the synthesis of beta-galactosidase from the fusion plasmid.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
7896172 Girardi G, Elias MM: Mercuric chloride effects on rat renal redox enzymes activities: SOD protection. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Jan;18(1):61-6.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was administered to rats prior to mercury chloride injection and renal function, development of lipid peroxidation and renal glutathione level were measured 1 h later.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12701708 Barna B, Fodor J, Pogany M, Kiraly Z: Role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in plant disease resistance. Pest Manag Sci. 2003 Apr;59(4):459-64.

Similarly, the necrosis caused by mercuric chloride was reduced by the above anti-senescence agents.
Accordingly, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in Xanthi tobacco leaves with SAR than without SAR.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17516994 Augusti PR, Conterato GM, Somacal S, Einsfeld L, Ramos AT, Hosomi FY, Graca DL, Emanuelli T: Effect of lycopene on nephrotoxicity induced by mercuric chloride in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Jun;100(6):398-402.

Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were enhanced (approximately 71% and approximately 41%), while superoxide dismutase activity was depressed (approximately 44%) in HgCl (2)-treated rats when compared to control and these effects were prevented by lycopene.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19382722 Zhao JQ, Wen YF, Bhadauria M, Nirala SK, Sharma A, Shrivastava S, Shukla S, Agrawal OP, Mathur R: Protective effects of propolis on inorganic mercury induced oxidative stress in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2009 Apr;47(4):264-9.

Exposure to mercuric chloride (HgCl2; 5 mg/kg; ip) induced oxidative stress by increasing lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione level along with concomitant decrease in glutathione and various antioxidant enzymes.
Activities of antioxidants enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were also restored concomitantly towards control after propolis administration.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19636703 Monteiro DA, Rantin FT, Kalinin AL: Inorganic mercury exposure: toxicological effects, oxidative stress biomarkers and bioaccumulation in the tropical freshwater fish matrinxa, Brycon amazonicus (Spix and Agassiz, 1829). Ecotoxicology. 2010 Jan;19(1):105-23. Epub 2009 Jul 28.


Increases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were observed in all tissues after HgCl (2) exposure, except for white muscle GR activity and hepatic GPx.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20229497 Agarwal R, Goel SK, Behari JR: Detoxification and antioxidant effects of curcumin in rats experimentally exposed to mercury. J Appl Toxicol. 2010 Mar 12.

Therefore, the detoxification and antioxidant effects of curcumin were examined to determine its prophylactic/therapeutic role in rats experimentally exposed to mercury (in the from of mercuric chloride-HgCl (2), 12 micromol kg (-1) b.w. single intraperitoneal injection).
Curcumin treatment (80 mg kg (-1) b.w. daily for 3 days, orally) was found to have a protective effect on mercury-induced oxidative stress parameters, namely, lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the liver, kidney and brain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9712749 Gobert AP, Semballa S, Daulouede S, Lesthelle S, Taxile M, Veyret B, Vincendeau P: Murine macrophages use oxygen- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms to synthesize S-nitroso-albumin and to kill extracellular trypanosomes. Infect Immun. 1998 Sep;66(9):4068-72.

S nitrosylation was confirmed by the Saville reaction, using mercuric chloride.
The immunoenzymatic signal decreased by 66 and 30% when superoxide dismutase and catalase, respectively, were added to the culture medium of macrophages from infected mice.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17644179 Su L, Wang M, Yin ST, Wang HL, Chen L, Sun LG, Ruan DY: The interaction of selenium and mercury in the accumulations and oxidative stress of rat tissues. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008 Jul;70(3):483-9. Epub 2007 Jul 20.

Treated groups of rats were instilled with different amounts of mercuric chloride (HgCl (2)) and dl-selenomethionine (SeMet) by gavage since pregnancy of their mothers.
Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of tissues were detected using biochemical methods.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9177012 Hussain S, Rodgers DA, Duhart HM, Ali SF: Mercuric chloride-induced reactive oxygen species and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in different regions of rat brain. J Environ Sci Health B. 1997 May;32(3):395-409.

The effects of in vivo exposure to mercury on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in different regions of rat brain were also investigated.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20030535 Zhao ZG, Niu CY, Zhang YP, Hou YL, Du HB: Pancreatic injury in rabbits with acute renal failure. . Ren Fail. 2009;31(10):977-81.


Malonaldehyde, NO, and NOS in pancreas homogenate were significantly increased, and superoxide dismutase activity was decreased.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10820013 Zhu H, Shipp E, Sanchez RJ, Liba A, Stine JE, Hart PJ, Gralla EB, Nersissian AM, Valentine JS: Cobalt (2+) binding to human and tomato copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase: implications for the metal ion transfer mechanism. Biochemistry. 2000 May 9;39(18):5413-21.


The copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS) gene encodes a protein that is believed to deliver copper ions specifically to copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18599595 Wiggers GA, Pecanha FM, Briones AM, Perez-Giron JV, Miguel M, Vassallo DV, Cachofeiro V, Alonso MJ, Salaices M: Low mercury concentrations cause oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in conductance and resistance arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 Sep;295(3):H1033-H1043. Epub 2008 Jul 3.


Superoxide dismutase (SOD, 150 U/ml) and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (0.3 mM) decreased the phenylephrine-induced contraction in aorta more in mercury-treated rats than controls.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14980771 Yamamoto Y, Tsutsumi Y, Yoshioka Y, Kamada H, Sato-Kamada K, Okamoto T, Mukai Y, Shibata H, Nakagawa S, Mayumi T: Poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-dimethyl maleic acid) as a novel renal targeting carrier. J Control Release. 2004 Mar 5;95(2):229-37.

The specific bioactivity of PVD-conjugated superoxide dismutase (SOD) relative to that of unmodified SOD gradually decreased with an increase in the degree of modification to SOD with PVD6K.
This L-PVD-SOD effectively accelerated recovery from mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure in vivo.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18758054 Ghosh A, Sil PC: A protein from Cajanus indicus Spreng protects liver and kidney against mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Sep;31(9):1651-8.

Intraperitoneal administration of HgCl (2) at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 1 d significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17881112 Augusti PR, Conterato GM, Somacal S, Sobieski R, Spohr PR, Torres JV, Charao MF, Moro AM, Rocha MP, Garcia SC, Emanuelli T: Effect of astaxanthin on kidney function impairment and oxidative stress induced by mercuric chloride in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jan;46(1):212-9. Epub 2007 Aug 14.

Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were enhanced, while superoxide dismutase activity was depressed in HgCl (2)-treated rats when compared to control and these effects were prevented by ASX.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2219185 Pfaller W, Gstraunthaler G, Willinger CC: Morphology of renal tubular damage from nephrotoxins. Toxicol Lett. 1990 Sep;53(1-2):39-43.

Quantitative morphological-stereological-analysis of at least two, the mercuric chloride- and the maleate-induced experimental models of toxic acute renal failure, show a very early substantial loss of ATP-generating mitochondrial inner membrane surface as well as substantial decrease in those functions protecting cells against oxidative or auto-oxidative processes, i.e. glutathione content, activities of the free-radical-scavenging systems superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase and catalase.
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9530530 Anuradha B, Rajeswari M, Varalakshmi P: Degree of peroxidative status in neuronal tissues by different routes of inorganic mercury administration. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1998 Feb;21(1):47-55.

Mercuric chloride was administered by three routes--subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal to adult female Wistar rats.
All the experimental groups show high levels of reduced glutathione and increased activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12612587 Kamada H, Tsutsumi Y, Sato-Kamada K, Yamamoto Y, Yoshioka Y, Okamoto T, Nakagawa S, Nagata S, Mayumi T: Synthesis of a poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-dimethyl maleic anhydride) co-polymer and its application for renal drug targeting. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Apr;21(4):399-404. Epub 2003 Mar 3.


Poly (VP-co-DMMAn)-modified superoxide dismutase accumulated in the kidneys after intravenous administration and accelerated recovery from acute renal failure in a mouse model.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16751982 Gutierrez LL, Mazzotti NG, Araujo AS, Klipel RB, Fernandes TR, Llesuy SF, Bello-Klein A: Peripheral markers of oxidative stress in chronic mercuric chloride intoxication. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 Jun;39(6):767-72. Epub 2006 Jun 2.

Blood was collected at the first, second and fourth weeks of Hg administration to evaluate lipid peroxidation (LPO), total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), and superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17634687 Agarwal R, Behari JR: Role of selenium in mercury intoxication in mice. Ind Health. 2007 Jun;45(3):388-95.


Studies were conducted to examine the effect of pre and post-treatment of selenium in mercury intoxication (20 micromole/ kg b.w. each given intraperitoneally) in mice in terms of lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and mercury concentration in liver, kidney and brain.
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18405108 Jagadeesan G, Sankarsami Pillai S: Hepatoprotective effects of taurine against mercury induced toxicity in rats. J Environ Biol. 2007 Oct;28(4):753-6.

The animals were treated with sublethal dose of mercuric chloride (2 mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days.
During the mercury treatment, the level ofAspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver tissue significantly increased whereas Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were simultaneously decreased in the liver tissue.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17207565 Sarwar Alam M, Kaur G, Jabbar Z, Javed K, Athar M: Eruca sativa seeds possess antioxidant activity and exert a protective effect on mercuric chloride induced renal toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jun;45(6):910-20. Epub 2006 Nov 29.

Oxidative modulation of renal tissues following HgCl (2) exposure was evident from a significant elevation in lipid peroxidation and attenuation in glutathione (GSH) contents and activities of antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR).
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