Protein Information

Name ATPase
Synonyms ATP7A; MK; ATPase; Cation transporting ATPase; ATP7A protein; ATPase Cu(2+) transporting alpha polypeptide; Copper pump 1; Copper transporting ATPase 1…

Compound Information

Name mercuric chloride
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15084754 Jiang J, Dean D, Burghardt RC, Parrish AR: Disruption of cadherin/catenin expression, localization, and interactions during HgCl2-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Sci. 2004 Jul;80(1):170-82. Epub 2004 Apr 14.

Interestingly, these changes occurred at the same time that aberrant staining of Na+/K (+)-ATPase staining was seen.
The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the spatial pattern of cadherin and catenin expression, colocalization, and interaction along the mouse nephron, and (2) investigate the expression, localization, and interaction of proximal tubular cadherins and catenins during mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10752519 Deschenes G, Doucet A: Collecting duct (Na+/K+)-ATPase activity is correlated with urinary sodium excretion in rat nephrotic syndromes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000 Apr;11(4):604-15.


It is concluded that stimulation of Na (+/K+)-ATPase in the CCD of nephrotic rats might be responsible for sodium retention and that this phenomenon is independent of proteinuria and vasopressin and calcineurin activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2975513 Reddy RS, Jinna RR, Uzodinma JE, Desaiah D: In vitro effect of mercury and cadmium on brain Ca2+-ATPase of the catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1988 Sep;41(3):324-8.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
11599010 Gasso S, Cristofol RM, Selema G, Rosa R, Rodriguez-Farre E, Sanfeliu C: Antioxidant compounds and Ca (2+) pathway blockers differentially protect against methylmercury and mercuric chloride neurotoxicity. J Neurosci Res. 2001 Oct 1;66(1):135-45.

After a 24 hr exposure, the cytotoxic effect of both mercury compounds was reduced by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca (2+)-ATPase; the Ca (2+) channel blocker flunarizine; and the Na (+)/Ca (2+) exchanger blocker benzamil.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11342178 Kinne-Saffran E, Kinne RK: Inhibition by mercuric chloride of Na-K-2Cl cotransport activity in rectal gland plasma membrane vesicles isolated from Squalus acanthias. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Feb 9;1510(1-2):442-51.

Investigations on the sidedness of the plasma membrane vesicles, employing the asymmetry of the (Na+K)-ATPase, demonstrated a right-side-out orientation in which the former extracellular face of the membrane is exposed to the incubation medium.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8102656 Blais A, Morvan-Baleynaud J, Friedlander G, Le Grimellec C: Primary culture of rabbit proximal tubules as a cellular model to study nephrotoxicity of xenobiotics. Kidney Int. 1993 Jul;44(1):13-8.

Gentamicin altered in a concentration- and time-dependent manner the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), neutral aminopeptidase (NAP), Na+K (+)-ATPase and the Vmax of sodium-dependent glucose and phosphate uptake, whereas gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and sodium-dependent alanine uptake were unaffected.
In contrast, under short time exposure, a condition where the enzyme activities were untouched, mercuric chloride inhibited to a similar extent the activity of the three sodium-coupled transport systems.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8444844 Picher M, Cote YP, Beliveau R, Potier M, Beaudoin AR: Demonstration of a novel type of ATP-diphosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.5) in the bovine lung. J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 5;268(7):4699-703.

It requires Ca2+ or Mg2+ and is insensitive to ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+/K (+)-ATPase, P1,P5-di (adenosine 5')-pentaphosphate, an inhibitor of adenylate kinase, and tetramisole, an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase.
In contrast, sodium azide (10 mM), a known inhibitor of ATPDases and mitochondrial ATPases, as well as mercuric chloride (10 microM) and gossypol (2,2'-bis [8-formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalene]) (35 microM) are powerful inhibitors of this enzyme.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8134922 Suzuki S, Takamura S, Sugiki K, Imai M, Niwa O, Tamatani R: Protective effects of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate on mercuric chloride-induced acute inhibition of enzymes from rat duodenal mucosa and kidney cortex. Toxicology. 1994 Jan 26;86(1-2):29-48.

Activities of carbonic anhydrase in homogenate, brush border and cytosol and of Mg (2+)-dependent, HCO3-stimulated ATPase in homogenate and brush border of duodenal mucosa and kidney cortex and activities of kidney microsomal Mg (2+)-dependent, Na (+)-K (+)-stimulated ATPase were all decreased following administration of HgCl2 (1-3 mg Hg/kg body weight s.c. once daily for 3 days).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9450645 Santos AC, Uyemura SA, Santos NA, Mingatto FE, Curti C: Hg (II)-induced renal cytotoxicity: in vitro and in vivo implications for the bioenergetic and oxidative status of mitochondria. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997 Dec;177(1-2):53-9.


These results suggest that the following sequence of events may be involved in Hg (II) toxicity in the kidney: (1) inhibition of FoF1-ATPase, (2) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, (3) oxidative stress-associated impairment of the respiratory chain, and (4) inhibition of ATP synthesis.
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1342826 Oliveira EM, Vassallo DV: Effects of mercury on the contractility of isolated rat cardiac muscle. . Braz J Med Biol Res. 1992;25(10):1037-40.


Since in several tissues including myocardium Hg2+ inhibits the activity of Ca2+ and Na (+)-K (+)-ATPases the results described here suggest that Hg2+, at lower concentrations, could increase force by inhibiting Na (+)-K (+)-ATPase, while at higher concentrations Hg2+ would decrease relative PRC potentiation by inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca (2+)-ATPase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15522426 Lee AM, Singleton SF: Inhibition of the Escherichia coli RecA protein: zinc (II), copper (II) and mercury (II) trap RecA as inactive aggregates. J Inorg Biochem. 2004 Nov;98(11):1981-6.


We found that both the complex and ZnCl (2) inhibit the single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity of RecA at sub-millimolar concentrations.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1994517 Sellinger M, Ballatori N, Boyer JL: Mechanism of mercurial inhibition of sodium-coupled alanine uptake in liver plasma membrane vesicles from Raja erinacea. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 Feb;107(2):369-76.


In hepatocytes of the evolutionarily primitive little skate (Raja erinacea), HgCl2 inhibits Na (+)-dependent alanine uptake and Na+/K (+)-ATPase and increase K+ permeability.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19038364 Lucu C, Dupcic-Radic I, Tomsic S: Methyl mercury inhibits short-circuit current and Cl- influx across isolated epipodite of European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 May;149(4):476-80. Epub 2008 Nov 13.


The effect of methyl mercuric chloride (MeHg) on short-circuit current (I (SC)) was studied in the isolated perfused epipodite preparation from the branchial chamber of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) acclimated to dilute seawater.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
2841777 Klonne DR, Johnson DR: Enzyme activity and sulfhydryl status in rat renal cortex following mercuric chloride and dithiothreitol administration. Toxicol Lett. 1988 Aug;42(2):199-205.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
2894409 Brookes N: Specificity and reversibility of the inhibition by HgCl2 of glutamate transport in astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem. 1988 Apr;50(4):1117-22.


Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose is an index of glucose utilization that reflects the function of Na+,K+-ATPase and hexokinase, and is sensitive to Na+ entry.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18456108 Pasteris SE, Strasser de Saad AM: Transport of glycerol by Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from wine. Food Microbiol. 2008 Jun;25(4):545-9. Epub 2008 Mar 7.


On the other hand, glycerol uptake was inhibited by the metabolic poisons that affect ATP availability by acting on either electron transport or ATPase activity, and by the proton-conducting uncouplers without any effect on glycerol kinase activity.
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9353876 Mondal S, Mukhopadhyay B, Bhattacharya S: Inorganic mercury binding to fish oocyte plasma membrane induces steroidogenesis and translatable messenger RNA synthesis. Biometals. 1997 Oct;10(4):285-90.


The induction of this enzyme was found to be mediated by specific binding of Hg to the plasma membrane Na (+)-K (+)-ATPase (Bmax: 14 nmoles mg-1 protein; Ka 1.14 x 10 (8) moles) and increase in the specific messenger RNA translating 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11738524 Rao MV, Sharma PS: Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2001 Nov-Dec;15(6):705-12.

Parameters studied included serum testosterone, epididymal sperm count, motility, and morphology, epididymal and vas deferens adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), phosphorylase, sialic acid, glycogen and protein, testicular succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphatases, cholesterol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1363307 Silva P, Epstein FH, Solomon RJ: The effect of mercury on chloride secretion in the shark (Squalus acanthias) rectal gland. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1992 Nov;103(3):569-75.


Mercuric chloride inhibited chloride secretion in a dose dependent way in isolated perfused rectal glands.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
1477095 Cote YP, Ouellet S, Beaudoin AR: Kinetic properties of type-II ATP diphosphohydrolase from the tunica media of the bovine aorta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Dec 28;1160(3):246-50.

It is insensitive to ouabain (3 mM), an inhibitor of Na+/K (+)-ATPase, to tetramisole (5 mM), an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase, and to Ap5A (100 microM), an inhibitor of adenylate kinase.
Mercuric chloride (10 microM) and 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine are also powerful inhibitors, both with ATP and ADP as substrates.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18450565 Voicu MC, Zwiazek JJ, Tyree MT: Light response of hydraulic conductance in bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) leaves. Tree Physiol. 2008 Jul;28(7):1007-15.


Atrazine (a photosystem II inhibitor), fusicoccin (which stimulates plasma membrane-bound H (+)-ATPase) and HgCl (2) (an aquaporin blocker) reduced the light response of leaf lamina hydraulic conductance.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1661449 Albrecht J: Durable inhibition of rat cerebral capillary Na+/K (+)-ATPase after in vivo administration of mercuric chloride. Toxicol Lett. 1991 Dec;59(1-3):133-8.

Intraperitoneal administration of a single dose (6 mg/kg body wt.) of mercuric chloride led to a rapid and irreversible inhibition of Na+/K (+)-ATPase activity in rat cerebral capillaries.
194(2,3,3,4) Details
2162172 Rajanna B, Chetty CS, Rajanna S: Effect of mercuric chloride on the kinetics of cationic and substrate activation of the rat brain microsomal ATPase system. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 15;39(12):1935-40.
166(2,2,2,6) Details
8284800 Albrecht J, Hilgier W: Similarities of the in vivo and in vitro effects of mercuric chloride on [3H] ouabain binding and potassium activation of Na+/K (+)-ATPase in isolated rat cerebral microvessels. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Feb 15;70(3):331-6.
163(2,2,2,3) Details
2156358 Chetty CS, Rajanna B, Rajanna S: Inhibition of rat brain microsomal Na+/K (+)-ATPase and ouabain binding by mercuric chloride. Toxicol Lett. 1990 Mar;51(1):109-16.
113(1,2,2,3) Details
18795320 Rouzaire-Dubois B, Ouanounou G, O'Regan S, Dubois JM: Sodium-dependent activity of aquaporin-1 in rat glioma cells: a new mechanism of cell volume regulation. Pflugers Arch. 2009 Mar;457(5):1187-98. Epub 2008 Sep 16.


In this study, we show that: (1) RVD is proportional to the change in external Cl (-) concentration and is inhibited by Cl (-) channel and K (+)-Cl (-) cotransporter blockers; (2) cell swelling due to the influx of H (2) O through aquaporins shows rectification with decreasing osmolarity and is sensitive to the internal Na (+) concentration; (3) VIL is linearly related with hypotonicity and is abolished in solutions 1 and 2 by the Na (+) ionophore monensin and in solution 1 by the Na (+)-K (+) ATPase inhibitor ouabain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1317120 Anner BM, Moosmayer M, Imesch E: Mercury blocks Na-K-ATPase by a ligand-dependent and reversible mechanism. . Am J Physiol. 1992 May;262(5 Pt 2):F830-6.


An inhibitory receptor for cardioactive steroids such as digoxin and ouabain is located at the extracellular surface of the Na-K-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) molecule.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1708994 Chetty CS, McBride V, Sands S, Rajanna B: Effects in vitro of mercury on rat brain Mg (++)-ATPase. . Arch Int Physiol Biochim. 1990 Oct;98(5):261-7.

Mercuric chloride (Hg) in micromolar concentrations inhibited Mg (++)-dependent ATPase activity in rat brain microsomes.
90(1,1,1,10) Details
1691869 Maier WE, Costa LG: Na+/K (+)-ATPase in rat brain and erythrocytes as a possible target and marker, respectively, for neurotoxicity: studies with chlordecone, organotins and mercury compounds. Toxicol Lett. 1990 Apr;51(2):175-88.

Measurements of metal concentrations in brain by atomic absorption spectrometry after in vivo administration of triethyltin, mercuric chloride and methyl mercury indicated that levels of these compounds were too low to inhibit significantly NA+/K (+)-ATPase activity.
84(1,1,1,4) Details
2153338 Clifton GG, Oelsner D, Anderson CR, Pearce CJ, Wallin JD: The effects of mercuric chloride on calmodulin-mediated Ca2+ transport in rat brain. Am J Med Sci. 1990 Jan;299(1):26-31.

Mercuric chloride (0.5 mM) reduced 45Ca+2 binding to CM purified from bovine neurohypophyses by 20% and inhibited endogenous CM-stimulated Ca,Mg-ATPase activity from rat brain mitochondria in a dose-dependent fashion.
83(1,1,1,3) Details
11911494 Liu SH, Lin-Shiau SY: Mercuric chloride alters the membrane potential and intracellular calcium level in mouse pancreatic islet cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002 Feb;65(3-4):317-26.

The increased [Ca2+] i may also originate from the endoplasmic reticulum of pancreatic islet cells, since caffeine (an activator of Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum) and thapsigargin (an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) could antagonize the effect of mercuric chloride.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
8854219 Yallapragada PR, Rajanna S, Fail S, Rajanna B: Inhibition of calcium transport by mercury salts in rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex in vitro. J Appl Toxicol. 1996 Jul-Aug;16(4):325-30.

As seen in SPMs, Ca (2+)-ATPase and 45Ca uptake in microsomes were also significantly inhibited in both cerebellum and cortex by mercury salts in a concentration-dependent manner, the effect being greater with mercuric chloride.
34(0,1,1,4) Details
19576259 Rao MV, Chhunchha B: Protective role of melatonin against the mercury induced oxidative stress in the rat thyroid. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Jan;48(1):7-10. Epub 2009 Jul 1.

Present study investigated the protective role of melatonin (MLT, 5mg/kg body wt., ip) against the long term effects of mercuric chloride (MC; 2 and 4 mg/kg body wt., po) in the thyroid gland of the rats through certain antioxidative indices like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), other biochemical parameters such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), acid phosphatase (ACPase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) were also measured.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
12927901 Moreira CM, Oliveira EM, Bonan CD, Sarkis JJ, Vassallo DV: Effects of mercury on myosin ATPase in the ventricular myocardium of the rat. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003 Jul;135C(3):269-75.

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8794911 Wang X, Horisberger JD: Mercury binding site on Na+/K (+)-ATPase: a cysteine in the first transmembrane segment. Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;50(3):687-91.

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1647934 Lo YH, Bradley TM, Rhoads DE: L-alanine binding sites and Na+, K (+)-ATPase in cilia and other membrane fractions from olfactory rosettes of Atlantic salmon. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1991;98(1):121-6.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
2137685 Prabhu SD, Salama G: The heavy metal ions Ag+ and Hg2+ trigger calcium release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990 Feb 15;277(1):47-55.


Ag (+)-induced Ca2+ release was measured in the presence of modulators of SR Ca2+ release was compared to Ca2 (+)-induced Ca2+ release and was found to have the following characteristics. (i) Ag (+)-induced Ca2+ release was dependent on free [Mg2+], such that rates of efflux from actively loaded SR vesicles increased by 40% in 0.2 to 1.0 mM Mg2+ and decreased by 50% from 1.0 to 10.0 mM Mg2+. (ii) Ruthenium red (2-20 microM) and tetracaine (0.2-1.0 mM), known inhibitors of SR Ca2+ release, inhibited Ag (+)-induced Ca2+ release. (iii) Adenine nucleotides such as cAMP (0.25-2.0 mM) enhanced Ca2 (+)-induced Ca2+ release, and stimulated Ag (+)-induced Ca2+ release. (iv) Low Ag+ to SR protein ratios (5-50 nmol Ag+/mg protein) stimulated Ca2 (+)-dependent ATPase activity in Triton X-100-uncoupled SR vesicles. (v) At higher ratios of Ag+ to SR proteins (50-250 nmol Ag+/mg protein), the rate of Ca2+ efflux declined and Ca2 (+)-dependent ATPase activity decreased gradually, up to a maximum of 50% inhibition. (vi) Ag+ stimulated Ca2+ efflux from passively loaded SR vesicles (i.e., in the absence of ATP and functional Ca2+ pumps), indicating a site of action distinct from the SR Ca2+ pump.
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16841248 Brandao R, Santos FW, Zeni G, Rocha JB, Nogueira CW: DMPS and N-acetylcysteine induced renal toxicity in mice exposed to mercury. Biometals. 2006 Aug;19(4):389-98.

Acute effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) were evaluated on mice.
At 24 h after the last HgCl2 injection, blood, liver and kidney samples were collected. delta-Aminolevulinate dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) and Na+, K- (+) ATPase activities, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), non-protein thiols (NPSH) and ascorbic acid concentrations were evaluated.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11707403 Caroppo R, Gerbino A, Debellis L, Kifor O, Soybel DI, Brown EM, Hofer AM, Curci S: Asymmetrical, agonist-induced fluctuations in local extracellular [Ca (2+)] in intact polarized epithelia. EMBO J. 2001 Nov 15;20(22):6316-26.


Both responses were significantly reduced by pre-treatment with sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca (2+) ATPase (SERCA) pump inhibitors or with the intracellular Ca (2+) chelator BAPTA-AM.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16182313 Sampaio-Maia B, Moreira-Rodrigues M, Serrao P, Pestana M: Blunted renal dopaminergic system activity in HgCl2-induced membranous nephropathy. Life Sci. 2006 Feb 9;78(11):1246-55. Epub 2005 Sep 22.


Also, the influence of volume expansion (VE, 5% bw) and the effects of the D1-like agonist fenoldopam (10 microg kg bw (-1) min (-1)) on natriuresis and on proximal tubular Na+,K+-ATPase activity were examined on day 14.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
2163123 Musch MW, Chauncey B, Schmid EC, Kinne RK, Goldstein L: Mechanisms of mercurial and arsenical inhibition of tyrosine absorption in intestine of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectus americanus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 1;104(1):59-66.


Cell potassium was also measured as an indirect indicator of ATPase activity and cell membrane permeability.
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1829408 Lakshmi R, Kundu R, Thomas E, Mansuri AP: Mercuric chloride-induced inhibition of different ATPases in the intestine of mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1991 Feb;21(1):18-24.

The specific activities of Na+, K (+)-ATPase, Ca (2+)-ATPase, Mg (2+)-ATPase, Ca2+, HCO3 (-)-ATPase, and Mg2+, HCO3 (-)-ATPase were estimated.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
2142810 Shi LB, Ye RG, Lencer WI, Verkman AS: [Characterization of proton pump and osmotic water transport in endocytic vesicles from rat kidney proximal tubule]. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 1990 Apr;42(2):105-13.

These data demonstrate that proximal tubule endosomes contain a proton ATPase and water channel.
Water permeability was inhibited by 70% with addition of 0.5 mmol/L mercuric chloride.
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