Protein Information

Name aquaporins (protein family or complex)
Synonyms aquaporin; aquaporins

Compound Information

Name mercuric chloride
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16197948 Ghosh K, Cappiello CD, McBride SM, Occi JL, Cali A, Takvorian PM, McDonald TV, Weiss LM: Functional characterization of a putative aquaporin from Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microsporidia pathogenic to humans. Int J Parasitol. 2006 Jan;36(1):57-62. Epub 2005 Sep 19.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
15466463 Rohloff P, Montalvetti A, Docampo R: Acidocalcisomes and the contractile vacuole complex are involved in osmoregulation in Trypanosoma cruzi. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 10;279(50):52270-81. Epub 2004 Oct 4.


Taken together, these results strongly support a role for acidocalcisomes and the contractile vacuole complex in osmoregulation and identify a functional role for aquaporin in protozoal osmoregulation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18167118 Yukutake Y, Tsuji S, Hirano Y, Adachi T, Takahashi T, Fujihara K, Agre P, Yasui M, Suematsu M: Mercury chloride decreases the water permeability of aquaporin-4-reconstituted proteoliposomes. Biol Cell. 2008 Jun;100(6):355-63.


BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Mercurials inhibit AQPs (aquaporins), and site-directed mutagenesis has identified Cys (189) as a site of the mercurial inhibition of AQP1.
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7528928 Roberts SK, Yano M, Ueno Y, Pham L, Alpini G, Agre P, LaRusso NF: Cholangiocytes express the aquaporin CHIP and transport water via a channel-mediated mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):13009-13.


The data implicate aquaporin water channels in the transcellular movement of water across cholangiocytes lining intrahepatic bile ducts and provide a plausible molecular explanation for ductal water secretion.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11705786 Virkki LV, Cooper GJ, Boron WF: Cloning and functional expression of an MIP (AQP0) homolog from killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) lens. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 Dec;281(6):R1994-2003.


The major intrinsic protein (MIP) of lens fiber cells is a member of the aquaporin (AQP) water channel family.
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8312280 Zeidel ML, Nielsen S, Smith BL, Ambudkar SV, Maunsbach AB, Agre P: Ultrastructure, pharmacologic inhibition, and transport selectivity of aquaporin channel-forming integral protein in proteoliposomes. Biochemistry. 1994 Feb 15;33(6):1606-15.

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15859949 Sutka M, Alleva K, Parisi M, Amodeo G: Tonoplast vesicles of Beta vulgaris storage root show functional aquaporins regulated by protons. Biol Cell. 2005 Nov;97(11):837-46.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
18841810 Dustmamatov AG, Zholkevich VN: HgCl2, an inhibitor of aquaporins, enhances root water-pumping activity. Dokl Biol Sci. 2008 Jul-Aug;421:262-5.

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14637313 Jiang J, Hu J, Bai C: Role of aquaporin and sodium channel in pleural water movement. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2003 Dec 16;139(1):83-8.

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15948717 Liu K, Nagase H, Huang CG, Calamita G, Agre P: Purification and functional characterization of aquaporin-8. . Biol Cell. 2006 Mar;98(3):153-61.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of channels permeable to water and some small solutes.
In stopped-flow studies, all three AQP8 proteoliposomes showed water permeability, which was inhibited by mercuric chloride and rescued by 2-mercaptoethanol. rAQP8 and hAQP8 proteoliposomes did not transport glycerol or urea but were permeable to formamide, which was also inhibited by mercuric chloride.
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15086816 Siemens JA, Zwiazek JJ: Changes in root water flow properties of solution culture-grown trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings under different intensities of water-deficit stress. Physiol Plant. 2004 May;121(1):44-49.

Treatment of roots with 0.1 mM mercuric chloride decreased root volume flow density (J (v)) by about 29.0% in control and MS plants with no decrease measured in SS seedlings.
The results suggest that aquaporin-mediated transport is important in the regulation of root water flow under drought stress and that root water flow properties are strongly affected by the stress level.
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10777495 Kishida K, Kuriyama H, Funahashi T, Shimomura I, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Nishida M, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Takahashi M, Hotta K, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Tochino Y, Matsuzawa Y: Aquaporin adipose, a putative glycerol channel in adipocytes. . J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 7;275(27):20896-902.


We recently cloned a novel member of the aquaporin family, aquaporin adipose (AQPap), which has glycerol permeability.
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12172703 Voigtlaender J, Heindl B, Becker BF: Transmembrane water influx via aquaporin-1 is inhibited by barbiturates and propofol in red blood cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;366(3):209-17. Epub 2002 Jul 3.

Accordingly, some anesthetics may indeed affect transport of water via aquaporins.
We compared actions of mercuric chloride (HgCl (2), definitive AQP1-blocker, 0.2 microM), and different anesthetic drugs, such as thiopental (50-200 microg/ml), phenobarbital (30-220 microg/ml), propofol (15-25 microg/ml), ketamine (3.5-11 microg/ml), midazolam (0.2-32.5 microg/ml), halothane (1.5 vol%), and isoflurane (2.3 vol%); the concentrations being in the one- to threefold range of clinically relevant plasma levels.
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9369468 Kuwahara M, Gu Y, Ishibashi K, Marumo F, Sasaki S: Mercury-sensitive residues and pore site in AQP3 water channel. Biochemistry. 1997 Nov 18;36(46):13973-8.


Water channel function of all aquaporins (AQPs) but AQP4 can be inhibited by mercurial reagents.
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11035042 Yang B, Ma T, Verkman AS: Erythrocyte water permeability and renal function in double knockout mice lacking aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-3. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 5;276(1):624-8.


Aquaporin (AQP) water channel AQP3 has been proposed to be the major glycerol and non-AQP1 water transporter in erythrocytes.
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18450565 Voicu MC, Zwiazek JJ, Tyree MT: Light response of hydraulic conductance in bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) leaves. Tree Physiol. 2008 Jul;28(7):1007-15.


Atrazine (a photosystem II inhibitor), fusicoccin (which stimulates plasma membrane-bound H (+)-ATPase) and HgCl (2) (an aquaporin blocker) reduced the light response of leaf lamina hydraulic conductance.
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17543330 Izumi Y, Sonoda S, Tsumuki H: Effects of diapause and cold-acclimation on the avoidance of freezing injury in fat body tissue of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker. J Insect Physiol. 2007 Jul;53(7):685-90. Epub 2007 Apr 25.

Therefore, in Saigoku ecotype larvae of the rice stem borer, both diapause and cold-acclimation are essential to accumulate glycerol and activate aquaporin for the avoidance of freezing injury.
The protection provided by glycerol was offset by mercuric chloride, which is a water-channel inhibitor.
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14629849 Sukul NC, De A, Sinhababu SP, Sukul A: Potentized Mercuric chloride and Nux vomica facilitate water permeability in erythrocytes of a fresh-water catfish Clarius batrachus under acute ethanol intoxication. J Altern Complement Med. 2003 Oct;9(5):719-25.

CONCLUSION: Because water channel proteins or aquaporins are mainly responsible for water transport through the plasma membrane of RBCs, it is thought that potentized drugs interact with these proteins, thereby facilitating water influx in the cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15958180 Gao J, Yu H, Song Q, Li X: Establishment of HEK293 cell line expressing green fluorescent protein-aquaporin-1 to determine osmotic water permeability. Anal Biochem. 2005 Jul 1;342(1):53-8. Epub 2005 Apr 15.

Aquaporin (AQP) is a kind of channel-forming membrane glycoprotein that mediates osmotic water transport.
The typical AQP1 inhibitor, mercuric chloride, validated this osmotic water permeability assay.
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16543640 Osada T, Tomita M, Tanahashi N, Takeda H, Nagai T, Suzuki N: Astroglial swelling for removed rat brain enlargement incubated in deoxygenated mock cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2006;34(1-2):223-6.


The swelling was not affected by addition of aquaporin blocker, mercuric chloride.
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18187036 Folmer V, Pedroso N, Matias AC, Lopes SC, Antunes F, Cyrne L, Marinho HS: H2O2 induces rapid biophysical and permeability changes in the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Apr;1778(4):1141-7. Epub 2008 Jan 8.


H2O2 diffusion through the plasma membrane in S. cerevisiae cells is not mediated by aquaporins since the H2O2 permeability constant is not altered in the presence of the aquaporin inhibitor mercuric chloride.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
19513079 Ismail M, Bokaee S, Morgan R, Davies J, Harrington KJ, Pandha H: Inhibition of the aquaporin 3 water channel increases the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to cryotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2009 Jun 16;100(12):1889-95.

Aquaporins were inhibited using mercuric chloride (HgCl (2)) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex, and cell survival was assessed using a colorimetric assay.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
18344486 Philip BN, Yi SX, Elnitsky MA, Lee RE Jr: Aquaporins play a role in desiccation and freeze tolerance in larvae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis. J Exp Biol. 2008 Apr;211(Pt 7):1114-9.

To examine the role of aquaporins in freeze tolerance, we froze fat body, midgut and salivary gland tissues in the presence and absence of mercuric chloride, an aquaporin inhibitor.
36(0,1,1,6) Details
18565621 Jain N, Ascough GD, Van Staden J: A smoke-derived butenolide alleviates HgCl2 and ZnCl2 inhibition of water uptake during germination and subsequent growth of tomato--possible involvement of aquaporins. J Plant Physiol. 2008 Sep 8;165(13):1422-7. Epub 2008 Jun 18.

The effects of butenolide, known aquaporin inhibitors (HgCl (2) and ZnCl (2)), along with several chemical agents known to reverse the inhibitory effects of mercuric chloride on the activity of aquaporins were tested.
36(0,1,1,6) Details
17927694 Zhou Y, Setz N, Niemietz C, Qu H, Offler CE, Tyerman SD, Patrick JW: Aquaporins and unloading of phloem-imported water in coats of developing bean seeds. Plant Cell Environ. 2007 Dec;30(12):1566-77. Epub 2007 Oct 9.

Transport active aquaporins in native plasma membranes of seed coats were demonstrated by measuring rates of osmotic shrinkage of membrane vesicles in the presence and absence of mercuric chloride and silver nitrate.
34(0,1,1,4) Details
17674031 Ohrui T, Nobira H, Sakata Y, Taji T, Yamamoto C, Nishida K, Yamakawa T, Sasuga Y, Yaguchi Y, Takenaga H, Tanaka S: Foliar trichome- and aquaporin-aided water uptake in a drought-resistant epiphyte Tillandsia ionantha Planchon. Planta. 2007 Dec;227(1):47-56. Epub 2007 Aug 3.

The intracellular transport of water was inhibited by mercuric chloride, implicating the involvement of a water channel aquaporin in second-phase water absorption.
34(0,1,1,4) Details
11546649 Patil RV, Han Z, Yiming M, Yang J, Iserovich P, Wax MB, Fischbarg J: Fluid transport by human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial layers in culture: a homeostatic role for aquaporin-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Oct;281(4):C1139-45.

Mercuric chloride, a nonspecific but potent blocker of Hg (2+)-sensitive aquaporins, and aquaporin-1 antisense oligonucleotides both partially inhibited fluid transport across the cell layers, which suggests that water channels have a role in NPE cell homeostasis.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18795320 Rouzaire-Dubois B, Ouanounou G, O'Regan S, Dubois JM: Sodium-dependent activity of aquaporin-1 in rat glioma cells: a new mechanism of cell volume regulation. Pflugers Arch. 2009 Mar;457(5):1187-98. Epub 2008 Sep 16.


In this study, we show that: (1) RVD is proportional to the change in external Cl (-) concentration and is inhibited by Cl (-) channel and K (+)-Cl (-) cotransporter blockers; (2) cell swelling due to the influx of H (2) O through aquaporins shows rectification with decreasing osmolarity and is sensitive to the internal Na (+) concentration; (3) VIL is linearly related with hypotonicity and is abolished in solutions 1 and 2 by the Na (+) ionophore monensin and in solution 1 by the Na (+)-K (+) ATPase inhibitor ouabain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9477997 Candia OA, Patarca R, Alvarez LJ: Reduction of water permeability by anisotonic solutions in frog corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Feb;39(2):378-84.


The similarities, of a sequence motif found in potassium channels and beta-adrenergic receptor kinases that are regulated by the beta gamma subunit of G proteins with that found in aquaporins 2 and 5, could explain the link with epinephrine.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19571262 Zilli L, Schiavone R, Chauvigne F, Cerda J, Storelli C, Vilella S: Evidence for the involvement of aquaporins in sperm motility activation of the teleost gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Biol Reprod. 2009 Nov;81(5):880-8. Epub 2009 Jul 1.

9(0,0,0,9) Details
14739264 Wan X, Steudle E, Hartung W: Gating of water channels (aquaporins) in cortical cells of young corn roots by mechanical stimuli (pressure pulses): effects of ABA and of HgCl2. J Exp Bot. 2004 Feb;55(396):411-22.

Cells with a short T1/2 responded to the aquaporin blocker mercuric chloride (HgCl2).
8(0,0,1,3) Details
10938811 Barrowclough DE, Peterson CA, Steudle E: Radial hydraulic conductivity along developing onion roots. J Exp Bot. 2000 Mar;51(344):547-57.

Lp of the youngest zone was lowered by mercuric chloride treatment, indicating the involvement of mercury-sensitive water channels (aquaporins).
6(0,0,1,1) Details
9701570 Chaumont F, Barrieu F, Herman EM, Chrispeels MJ: Characterization of a maize tonoplast aquaporin expressed in zones of cell division and elongation. Plant Physiol. 1998 Aug;117(4):1143-52.

Expression of ZmTIP1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that it increased the osmotic water permeability of oocytes 5-fold; this water transport was inhibited by mercuric chloride.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
12872491 Martinez-Ballesta MC, Aparicio F, Pallas V, Martinez V, Carvajal M: Influence of saline stress on root hydraulic conductance and PIP expression in Arabidopsis. J Plant Physiol. 2003 Jun;160(6):689-97.


Measurements of the root hydraulic conductance (L0) of roots of Arabidopsis thaliana were carried out and the results were compared with the expression of aquaporins present in the plasma membrane of A. thaliana.
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9829975 Meinild AK, Klaerke DA, Zeuthen T: Bidirectional water fluxes and specificity for small hydrophilic molecules in aquaporins 0-5. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32446-51.

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11351098 Martre P, North GB, Nobel PS: Hydraulic conductance and mercury-sensitive water transport for roots of Opuntia acanthocarpa in relation to soil drying and rewetting. Plant Physiol. 2001 May;126(1):352-62.


Under wet conditions, HgCl2 (50 microM), which is known to block membrane water-transport channels (aquaporins), decreased LP and the radial hydraulic conductance for the stele (L (R, S)) of the distal root region by 32% and 41%, respectively; both LP and L (R, S) recovered fully after transfer to 2-mercaptoethanol (10 mM).
4(0,0,0,4) Details
15681377 Fabra M, Raldua D, Power DM, Deen PM, Cerda J: Marine fish egg hydration is aquaporin-mediated. . Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):545.

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11910017 Moshelion M, Becker D, Biela A, Uehlein N, Hedrich R, Otto B, Levi H, Moran N, Kaldenhoff R: Plasma membrane aquaporins in the motor cells of Samanea saman: diurnal and circadian regulation. Plant Cell. 2002 Mar;14(3):727-39.

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11164207 Hales CA, Du HK, Volokhov A, Mourfarrej R, Quinn DA: Aquaporin channels may modulate ventilator-induced lung injury. Respir Physiol. 2001 Jan;124(2):159-66.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
11124975 Belyantseva IA, Frolenkov GI, Wade JB, Mammano F, Kachar B: Water permeability of cochlear outer hair cells: characterization and relationship to electromotility. J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 15;20(24):8996-9003.


This value is within the range reported for osmotic flow mediated by the water channel proteins, aquaporins.
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16868673 MacRobbie EA: Control of volume and turgor in stomatal guard cells. J Membr Biol. 2006 Mar;210(2):131-42. Epub 2006 Jul 25.


It is suggested that this involves an aquaporin as sensor, and perhaps also as responder; deformation of the aquaporin may render it ion-permeable, or, alternatively, the deformed aquaporin may signal to an associated ion channel, activating it.
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10205677 Ko SB, Uchida S, Naruse S, Kuwahara M, Ishibashi K, Marumo F, Hayakawa T, Sasaki S: Cloning and functional expression of rAOP9L a new member of aquaporin family from rat liver. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1999 Feb;47(2):309-18.

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17376483 Savage DF, Stroud RM: Structural basis of aquaporin inhibition by mercury. J Mol Biol. 2007 May 4;368(3):607-17. Epub 2007 Mar 2.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
8997281 Carlsson O, Nielsen S, Zakaria el-R, Rippe B: In vivo inhibition of transcellular water channels (aquaporin-1) during acute peritoneal dialysis in rats. Am J Physiol. 1996 Dec;271(6 Pt 2):H2254-62.


Aquaporins can be inhibited by mercurials.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
12519768 Kozono D, Ding X, Iwasaki I, Meng X, Kamagata Y, Agre P, Kitagawa Y: Functional expression and characterization of an archaeal aquaporin. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 21;278(12):10649-56. Epub 2003 Jan 7.

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11499660 Zweers MM, Douma CE, de Waart DR, Korevaar JC, Krediet RT, Struijk DG: Amphotericin B, mercury chloride and peritoneal transport in rabbits. Clin Nephrol. 2001 Jul;56(1):60-8.


Ultrafiltration decreased (8 ml/4 h to 1 ml/4 h, p < 0.03) after i.p. administration of HgCl2 with and without in vivo fixation, accompanied by a significant decrease in aquaporin-mediated water transport, estimated as the sieving of sodium (p < 0.001).
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12130555 McConnell NA, Yunus RS, Gross SA, Bost KL, Clemens MG, Hughes FM Jr: Water permeability of an ovarian antral follicle is predominantly transcellular and mediated by aquaporins. Endocrinology. 2002 Aug;143(8):2905-12.

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17928370 Levin M, Lemcoff JH, Cohen S, Kapulnik Y: Low air humidity increases leaf-specific hydraulic conductance of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh (Brassicaceae). J Exp Bot. 2007;58(13):3711-8. Epub 2007 Oct 10.


As HgCl (2) is known to be a potent inhibitor of aquaporin function, this suggests that aquaporins may have played a role in the fast hydraulic response of plants transferred to low humidity.
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14717442 Martinez-Ballesta MC, Diaz R, Martinez V, Carvajal M: Different blocking effects of HgCl2 and NaCl on aquaporins of pepper plants. J Plant Physiol. 2003 Dec;160(12):1487-92.

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12198191 Katsuhara M, Akiyama Y, Koshio K, Shibasaka M, Kasamo K: Functional analysis of water channels in barley roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 2002 Aug;43(8):885-93.


These genes were designated HvPIP2;1, HvPIP1;3, and HvPIP1;5 after comparison to Arabidopsis aquaporins.
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11141179 Henzler T, Steudle E: Transport and metabolic degradation of hydrogen peroxide in Chara corallina: model calculations and measurements with the pressure probe suggest transport of H (2) O (2) across water channels. J Exp Bot. 2000 Dec;51(353):2053-66.

The absolute values of P:(s) and sigma (s) of H (2) O (2) indicated that hydrogen peroxide, a molecule with chemical properties close to that of water, uses water channels (aquaporins) to cross the cell membrane rapidly.
When water channels were inhibited with the blocker mercuric chloride (HgCl (2)), the permeabilities of both water and H (2) O (2) were substantially reduced.
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11804854 Ko SB, Naruse S, Kitagawa M, Ishiguro H, Furuya S, Mizuno N, Wang Y, Yoshikawa T, Suzuki A, Shimano S, Hayakawa T: Aquaporins in rat pancreatic interlobular ducts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002 Feb;282(2):G324-31.

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15734792 Lee SH, Chung GC, Steudle E: Gating of aquaporins by low temperature in roots of chilling-sensitive cucumber and chilling-tolerant figleaf gourd. J Exp Bot. 2005 Mar;56(413):985-95. Epub 2005 Feb 25.

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15619094 Shimizu M, Ishida A, Hogetsu T: Root hydraulic conductivity and whole-plant water balance in tropical saplings following a shade-to-sun transfer. Oecologia. 2005 Mar;143(2):189-97. Epub 2004 Dec 24.


Lp (r) was sensitive to brief treatments with HgCl (2) (a specific inhibitor of aquaporins).
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10092523 Laize V, Gobin R, Rousselet G, Badier C, Hohmann S, Ripoche P, Tacnet F: Molecular and functional study of AQY1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: role of the C-terminal domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Apr 2;257(1):139-44.


The yeast YPR192w gene, which encodes a protein (Aqy1p) with strong homology to aquaporins (AQPs), was cloned from nine S. cerevisiae strains.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17347133 Beaudette PC, Chlup M, Yee J, Emery RJ: Relationships of root conductivity and aquaporin gene expression in Pisum sativum: diurnal patterns and the response to HgCl2 and ABA. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(6):1291-300. Epub 2007 Mar 7.

Changes in PsPIP2-1 gene expression and root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) were measured in response to the time of day as well as treatment of the roots with a compound that reduced Lpr [i.e. mercuric chloride (HgCl2)] and one that was intended to increase Lpr [abscisic acid (ABA)].
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10559675 Shanahan CM, Connolly DL, Tyson KL, Cary NR, Osbourn JK, Agre P, Weissberg PL: Aquaporin-1 is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells and mediates rapid water transport across vascular cell membranes. J Vasc Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;36(5):353-62.

The aquaporins are a rapidly expanding family of highly conserved proteins which function as transmembrane water channels.
Finally, by measuring the rate of change in cell size induced by changes in external osmolarity and demonstrating that water transport can be inhibited with mercuric chloride, we show that AQP-1 is responsible for water transport across human VSMC membranes.
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19340551 Watanabe T, Fujii T, Oya T, Horikawa N, Tabuchi Y, Takahashi Y, Morii M, Takeguchi N, Tsukada K, Sakai H: Involvement of aquaporin-5 in differentiation of human gastric cancer cells. J Physiol Sci. 2009 Mar;59(2):113-22. Epub 2009 Jan 14.


Litttle is known about the function of aquaporin (AQP) water channels in human gastric cancer.
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10069981 Fischbarg J, Diecke FP, Kuang K, Yu B, Kang F, Iserovich P, Li Y, Rosskothen H, Koniarek JP: Transport of fluid by lens epithelium. Am J Physiol. 1999 Mar;276(3 Pt 1):C548-57.


Quinidine, a blocker of K+ channels, and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate and HgCl2, inhibitors of aquaporins, inhibited fluid transport.
1(0,0,0,1) Details