Protein Information

Name alkaline phosphatase
Synonyms ALP 1; Alkaline phosphatase; ALPG; ALPPL; ALPPL 2; ALPPL2; GCAP; Germ cell alkaline phosphatase…

Compound Information

Name sodium arsenite
CAS sodium arsenenite

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
20211736 Chakraborty S, Ray M, Ray S: Toxicity of sodium arsenite in the gill of an economically important mollusc of India. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010 Mar 6.

Arsenite exposure inhibited the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and acetlycholinesterase (AChE) in a dose and time dependent manner.
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16242380 Fischer JM, Robbins SB, Al-Zoughool M, Kannamkumarath SS, Stringer SL, Larson JS, Caruso JA, Talaska G, Stambrook PJ, Stringer JR: Co-mutagenic activity of arsenic and benzo [a] pyrene in mouse skin. . Mutat Res. 2005 Dec 7;588(1):35-46. Epub 2005 Oct 19.

Oxidization of guanosines in polyG tracts is known to cause frameshift mutations, and such events can be detected in situ using the G11 placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) transgenic mouse model, which reports frameshift mutations in a run of 11 G:C basepairs by generating cells containing heat-resistant alkaline phosphatase activity.
Half of the hybrid mice were given drinking water with sodium arsenite (10 mg/L) for 10 weeks.
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17624716 Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC: Taurine, a conditionally essential amino acid, ameliorates arsenic-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Dec;21(8):1419-28. Epub 2007 Jun 2.

Sodium arsenite (NaAsO (2)) was chosen as the source of arsenic.
Increased activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) due to toxin exposure confirmed membrane damage.
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2217574 Dabbs ER, Gowan B, Andersen SJ: Nocardioform arsenic resistance plasmids and construction of Rhodococcus cloning vectors. Plasmid. 1990 May;23(3):242-7.

This smaller plasmid possessed determinants for resistance to sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite, as well as immunity to nocardiophage Q4.
The vector was efficient in cloning DNA without prior alkaline phosphatase treatment, as a result of the presence of the positive selection function.
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12388181 Harada T, Koyama I, Kasahara T, Alpers DH, Komoda T: Heat shock induces intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase in rat IEC-18 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Feb;284(2):G255-62. Epub 2002 Oct 16.

IAP-I was also induced by sodium arsenite, which generates reactive oxygen species and is an inducer of members of the HSP family.
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12378952 Sengupta M, Bishayi B: Effect of lead and arsenic on murine macrophage response. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2002 Nov;25(4):459-72.

Results show that there is a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase release in lead treated macrophages (6.7 +/- 0.88 IU/100 mL) with respect to control (14.17 +/- 0.18).
In vivo exposure of sodium arsenite (0.5 mg/kg body wt) also decreases phagocytic activity for ingestion and digestion of exogenous antigens, such as whole microorganism, as evident from the phagocytic index, 11555.55 +/- 62.86 (in control) to 5555.5 +/- 1571.33 in arsenic treated cells.
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19139536 Odunola OA, Uka E, Akinwumi KA, Gbadegesin MA, Osifeso OO, Ibegbu MD: Exposure of laboratory mice to domestic cooking gas: implications for toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2008 Sep;5(3):172-6.


The positive control group of mice were given sodium arsenite intraperitoneously at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight.
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12883085 Chattopadhyay S, Pal Ghosh S, Ghosh D, Debnath J: Effect of dietary co-administration of sodium selenite on sodium arsenite-induced ovarian and uterine disorders in mature albino rats. Toxicol Sci. 2003 Oct;75(2):412-22. Epub 2003 Jul 25.

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15713546 Greenlee AR, Kronenwetter-Koepel TA, Kaiser SJ, Liu K: Comparison of Matrigel and gelatin substrata for feeder-free culture of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells for toxicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro. 2005 Apr;19(3):389-97. Epub 2005 Jan 21.

In other comparisons, however, Matrigel supported significantly higher synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (7.7x10 (-3)+/-0.8 vs 6.6x10 (-3)+/-0.8 units/liter/cell, respectively, P=0.012), overall expression of activated caspase-3 following exposure to 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 parts per billion (ppb) sodium arsenite (P <0.0001), and percent development to beating cardiomyocytes at P7 (P=0.01).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
20136043 Saha S, Ray M, Ray S: Activity of phosphatases in the hemocytes of estuarine edible mudcrab, Scylla serrata exposed to arsenic. J Environ Biol. 2009 Sep;30(5):655-8.

Similar mode of maximum inhibition of activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was recorded as 0.008 microM mg (-1) protein min (-1), when the crabs were exposed to 3 ppm of sodium arsenite for 15 days against the control value of 0.694 microM mg (-1) protein min (-1).
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17910617 Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: Protection of arsenic-induced hepatic disorder by arjunolic acid. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Nov;101(5):333-8.

In addition, sodium arsenite also increased the activities of serum marker enzymes, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, enhanced DNA fragmentation, protein carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation end-products and the level of oxidized glutathione.
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16483355 Jana K, Jana S, Samanta PK: Effects of chronic exposure to sodium arsenite on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular activities in adult rats: possible an estrogenic mode of action. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 16;4:9.

Changes in paired testicular weights, quantitative study of different varieties of germ cells at stage VII of spermatogenic cycle, epididymal sperm count, circulatory concentrations of hormones (LH, FSH, testosterone and corticosterone), testicular activities of delta 5, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5, 3beta-HSD), 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the levels of biogenic amines (dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) in the hypothalamus and pituitary were monitored in this study.
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14654048 Cariani L, Thomas L, Brito J, del Castillo JR: Bismuth citrate in the quantification of inorganic phosphate and its utility in the determination of membrane-bound phosphatases. Anal Biochem. 2004 Jan 1;324(1):79-83.

The method eliminates the use of sodium arsenite, a highly toxic compound, substituting bismuth citrate for it to stabilize the phosphomolybdic acid complex formed during the interaction of inorganic phosphate and molybdate reduced by ascorbic acid.
This method has also been adapted to microplates and has been used to determine the activities of Na/K ATPase and alkaline phosphatase of intestinal basolateral and luminal plasma membranes.
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9559101 Tripathi N, Flora SJ: Effects of some thiol chelators on enzymatic activities in blood, liver and kidneys of acute arsenic (III) exposed mice. Biomed Environ Sci. 1998 Mar;11(1):38-45.


The mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of these chelating agents (1 mmol/kg) and 3 h later the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the blood, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver and kidney were determined.
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15130612 Greenlee AR, Kronenwetter-Koepel TA, Kaiser SJ, Ellis TM, Liu K: Combined effects of Matrigel and growth factors on maintaining undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells for embryotoxicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro. 2004 Aug;18(4):543-53.

D3 mES cells retained undifferentiated characteristics, including sustained expression of alkaline phosphatase and stage specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) and continued transcription of Pou5f1 (Oct-4).
Early-passage cells showed dose-responsive caspase-3 activation following exposure to sodium arsenite, whereas caspase-3 activation of late-passage cells dropped to background levels at toxicant dosages above 50 ppb.
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17371529 Sharma A, Sharma MK, Kumar M: Protective effect of Mentha piperita against arsenic-induced toxicity in liver of Swiss albino mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Apr;100(4):249-57.

Group III: animals were treated with sodium arsenite (4 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally in 0.9% NaCl.
The biochemical estimation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in serum were done.
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