Protein Information

Name delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
Synonyms ALAD; ALADH; Aminolevulinate dehydratase; Delta aminolevulinate dehydratase; Delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; PBGS; Porphobilinogen synthase; Porphyria acute hepatic…

Compound Information

Name sodium arsenite
CAS sodium arsenenite

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
20144955 Chandronitha C, Ananthi S, Ramakrishnan G, Lakshmisundaram R, Gayathri V, Vasanthi HR: Protective role of tannin-rich fraction of Camellia sinensis in tissue arsenic burden in Sprague Dawley rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010 Feb 9.

Administration of sodium arsenite (100 mg/kg/day) for 28 days in Sprague Dawley female rats resulted in significant reduction of biochemical parameters such as delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and elevation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the index of nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels.
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17188940 Kalia K, Narula GD, Kannan GM, Flora SJ: Effects of combined administration of captopril and DMSA on arsenite induced oxidative stress and blood and tissue arsenic concentration in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;144(4):372-9. Epub 2006 Nov 17.

Animals were exposed to 100 ppm arsenite as sodium arsenite in drinking water for six weeks followed by treatment with DMSA (50 mg/kg, orally), captopril (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) either alone or in combination, once daily for 5 consecutive days.
Arsenite exposure led to a significant depletion of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, glutathione and platelet levels while significantly increased the level of reactive oxygen species (in RBCs).
3(0,0,0,3) Details
18183357 Mishra D, Flora SJ: Quercetin administration during chelation therapy protects arsenic-induced oxidative stress in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 May;122(2):137-47. Epub 2008 Jan 9.

Animals were chronically exposed to 25 ppm arsenite as sodium arsenite in drinking water for 12 months followed by treatment with MiADMSA (0.2 mmol/kg, orally), quercetin (0.2 mmol, orally) either alone or in combination, once daily for 5 consecutive days.
Arsenic exposure led to a significant depletion of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, glutathione, white (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, and an increase in platelet levels while significantly increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (in RBCs).
3(0,0,0,3) Details
7538452 Conner EA, Yamauchi H, Fowler BA: Alterations in the heme biosynthetic pathway from the III-V semiconductor metal, indium arsenide (InAs). Chem Biol Interact. 1995 Jun 14;96(3):273-85.

Male Syrian golden hamsters were given s.c. injections of sodium arsenite (As3+), indium chloride (In3+) or indium arsenide (InAs).
In contrast, the activity of renal ALAD was found to be statistically decreased by As3+ at 10 days, but increased at 30 days, while In3+ and InAs inhibited this enzyme activity at all time points.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
19111884 Sharmila Banu G, Kumar G, Murugesan AG: Effects of leaves extract of Ocimum sanctum L. on arsenic-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Feb;47(2):490-5. Epub 2008 Dec 13.


Animals exposed to arsenic (III) showed a significant inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) level and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood.
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16389662 Gupta R, Flora SJ: Effect of Centella asiatica on arsenic induced oxidative stress and metal distribution in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):213-22.


The animals exposed to arsenic (III) showed a significant inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, a marginal decrease in glutathione (GSH) and an increase in zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) level in blood.
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11778665 Kannan GM, Tripathi N, Dube SN, Gupta M, Flora SJ: Toxic effects of arsenic (III) on some hematopoietic and central nervous system variables in rats and guinea pigs. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2001;39(7):675-82.


RESULTS: Following chronic arsenic (III) exposure, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in blood showed a significant reduction as did the total cell counts (RBC and WBC) and reduced glutathione with increased urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
9559101 Tripathi N, Flora SJ: Effects of some thiol chelators on enzymatic activities in blood, liver and kidneys of acute arsenic (III) exposed mice. Biomed Environ Sci. 1998 Mar;11(1):38-45.


The mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of these chelating agents (1 mmol/kg) and 3 h later the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the blood, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver and kidney were determined.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10561806 Flora SJ: Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility following combined administration of N-acetylcysteine and meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1999 Nov;26(11):865-9.

Male rats were exposed to 100 p.p.m. sodium arsenite in their drinking water for 12 weeks (equivalent to 12 mg/kg As).
In addition to a significant reduction in RBC delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and GSH levels, a marked elevation in MDA production may also contribute to arsenic-induced oxidative stress. 4.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19794907 Flora SJ, Chouhan S, Kannan GM, Mittal M, Swarnkar H: Combined administration of taurine and monoisoamyl DMSA protects arsenic induced oxidative injury in rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2008 Oct;1(1):39-45.

Arsenic exposed male rats (25 ppm, sodium arsenite in drinking water for 24 weeks) were treated with taurine (100 mg/kg, i.p., once daily), monoisoamyl dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) (50 mg/kg, oral, once daily) either individually or in combination for 5 consecutive days.
Arsenic exposure significantly reduced blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, a key enzyme involved in the heme biosynthesis and enhanced zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) level.
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17613011 Mittal M, Flora SJ: Vitamin E supplementation protects oxidative stress during arsenic and fluoride antagonism in male mice. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2007;30(3):263-81.


Exposure to arsenic or fluoride caused a significant depletion in blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, platelet counts (PLT), and glutathione (GSH) level.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16828073 Mittal M, Flora SJ: Effects of individual and combined exposure to sodium arsenite and sodium fluoride on tissue oxidative stress, arsenic and fluoride levels in male mice. Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Aug 25;162(2):128-39. Epub 2006 Jun 3.

Exposure to arsenic or fluoride led to a significant depletion of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and glutathione (GSH) level.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16959597 Modi M, Kaul RK, Kannan GM, Flora SJ: Co-administration of zinc and n-acetylcysteine prevents arsenic-induced tissue oxidative stress in male rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2006;20(3):197-204. Epub 2006 Apr 17.

For 3 weeks 25 male wistar rats were exposed to arsenic as sodium arsenite (2 mg/kg, orally through gastric intubation) either alone or in combination with NAC (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), zinc (5 mg/kg, orally) or zinc plus NAC.
Concomitant administration of zinc with arsenic showed remarkable protection against blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity as well as providing protection to hepatic biochemical variables indicative of oxidative stress (like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, catalase) and tissue injury.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9334831 Tripathi N, Kannan GM, Pant BP, Jaiswal DK, Malhotra PR, Flora SJ: Arsenic-induced changes in certain neurotransmitter levels and their recoveries following chelation in rat whole brain. Toxicol Lett. 1997 Aug 22;92(3):201-8.

Arsenic as sodium arsenite (100 ppm in drinking water) was administered to male rats for 16 weeks.
The animals were sacrificed subsequently for the determination of whole brain biogenic amines levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details