Protein Information

Name lactate dehydrogenase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms LDH; lactate dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenases

Compound Information

Name ferrous sulfate
CAS sulfuric acid iron(2+) salt (1:1)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
10078156 Watts JA, Ford MD, Leonova E: Iron-mediated cardiotoxicity develops independently of extracellular hydroxyl radicals in isolated rat hearts. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(1):19-28.


Isolated rat hearts were perfused by the Langendorff technique under the same buffer conditions to determine changes in myocardial contractility, release of tissue lactate dehydrogenase activity, and formation of lipid peroxidation products when iron was added to the perfusate with or without the formation of extracellular radicals.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
1337642 Ferrandi B, Cremonesi F, Consiglio AL, Carnevali A, Porcelli F: Cytophotometric assay of cytochrome oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in human peroxidized spermatozoa. Acta Histochem. 1992;93(2):363-70.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
16866988 Hemdan S, Almazan G: Iron contributes to dopamine-induced toxicity in oligodendrocyte progenitors. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006 Aug;32(4):428-40.


Addition of FeSO (4) to cultures increased DA-induced toxicity as assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and cellular release of lactate dehydrogenase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7745953 Zager RA, Burkhart KM, Gmur DJ: Postischemic proximal tubular resistance to oxidant stress and Ca2+ ionophore-induced attack. Lab Invest. 1995 May;72(5):592-600.


Cell injury was quantified by percentage of cellular lactate dehydrogenase released.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10839222 Bhattacharya A, Kumar M, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK: Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis on iron-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine. 2000 Apr;7(2):173-5.


In the present study, an emblicanin A (37%) and B (33%) enriched fraction of fresh juice of Emblica fruits (EOT), administered prophylactically (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) for 10 consecutive day, was found to inhibit acute iron overload (30 mg/kg, i.p.) hepatic lipid peroxidation and the increase of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, used as markers of the induced hepatic dysfunction.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15804172 Jubeh TT, Antler S, Haupt S, Barenholz Y, Rubinstein A: Local prevention of oxidative stress in the intestinal epithelium of the rat by adhesive liposomes of superoxide dismutase and tempamine. Mol Pharm. 2005 Jan-Feb;2(1):2-11.

Reactive hydroxyl radicals were generated in situ in a closed circulating intestinal loop of the rat from the reaction between hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase in the presence of chelated ferrous sulfate.
Mucosal activity of lactate dehydrogenase and levels of potassium ions were used to quantify the tissue damage.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8650253 Watkins BA, Xu H, Turek JJ: Linoleate impairs collagen synthesis in primary cultures of avian chondrocytes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1996 Jun;212(2):153-9.

The chondrocytes were then treated with ferrous sulfate (O or 20 microM) for 24 hr to induce oxidative stress.
Collagen synthesis was the lowest and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was the highest in chondrocyte cultures treated with 50 microM linoleic acid and 0 VIT E.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8070685 Bogaert YE, Rosenthal RE, Fiskum G: Postischemic inhibition of cerebral cortex pyruvate dehydrogenase. . Free Radic Biol Med. 1994 Jun;16(6):811-20.


In this study, the maximal activities of pyruvate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from homogenates of canine frontal cortex were measured following 10 min of cardiac arrest and systemic reperfusion from 30 min to 24 h.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8308714 Rubinstein A, Kakunda A, Kohen R: Protection of the rat jejunal mucosa against oxidative injury by cationized superoxide dismutase. J Pharm Sci. 1993 Dec;82(12):1285-7.

Mucosal damage was induced in a closed circulating intestinal loop of the rat either by a mixture of xanthine and xanthine oxidase or by a mixture of xanthine, xanthine oxidase, and chelated ferrous sulfate.
The mucosal activity of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase and the levels of cellular potassium ions were used to quantitatively characterize the tissue damage.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11054855 Bhattacharya A, Ramanathan M, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK: Effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides on iron-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res. 2000 Nov;14(7):568-70.


Apart from hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), the serum enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, were assessed as indices of hepatotoxicity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19110050 Gerets HH, Hanon E, Cornet M, Dhalluin S, Depelchin O, Canning M, Atienzar FA: Selection of cytotoxicity markers for the screening of new chemical entities in a pharmaceutical context: a preliminary study using a multiplexing approach. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Mar;23(2):319-32. Epub 2008 Dec 10.

The following nine cytotoxicity parameters were analyzed, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), caspase-3/7, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alpha-glutathione-S-transferase (alpha-GST).
In the second experiment, HepG2 cells were exposed to doxorubicin, t-butyl hydroperoxide, ferrous sulfate and sulfamoxole for 2 and 24h.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10444519 Smirnov IM, Bailey K, Flowers CH, Garrigues NW, Wesselius LJ: Effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta on iron metabolism by A549 cells and influence on cytotoxicity. Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 1):L257-63.


In addition, we assessed the cytotoxicity of these exposures by measuring the cell accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, and cell death (MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase release).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1327553 Jaeschke H, Benzick AE: Pathophysiological consequences of enhanced intracellular superoxide formation in isolated perfused rat liver. Chem Biol Interact. 1992 Sep 14;84(1):55-68.

Only minor liver injury (release of lactate dehydrogenase activity) was observed.
To increase the susceptibility of the liver to the oxidant stress, animals were pretreated in vivo with 200 mg/kg body wt. phorone, which caused a 90% depletion of the hepatic glutathione content, 100 mg/kg ferrous sulfate, a combination of phorone and ferrous sulfate, or 40 mg/kg BCNU, which caused a 60% inhibition of hepatic GSSG reductase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11835256 Boland A, Delapierre D, Mossay D, Dresse A, Seutin V: Effect of intermittent and continuous exposure to electromagnetic fields on cultured hippocampal cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Feb;23(2):97-105.


At the end of both sets of experiments, cell mortality was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase measurements (LDH).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17331021 Inoue OJ, Freeman DE, Wallig MA, Clarkson RB: In vitro effects of reactive oxygen metabolites, with and without flunixin meglumine, on equine colonic mucosa. Am J Vet Res. 2007 Mar;68(3):305-12.


Incubation conditions included control (no addition) and ROM systems, including addition of 1 mM xanthine and 80 mU of xanthine oxidase (to produce the superoxide radical), 1 mM H (2) O (2), and 1 mM H (2) O (2) and 0.5 mM ferrous sulfate (to produce the hydroxyl radical).
0(0,0,0,0) Details