Protein Information

Name Acetylcholinesterase
Synonyms ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant…

Compound Information

Name atrazine
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8765902 Nendza M, Wenzel A, Wienen G: Classification of contaminants by mode of action based on in vitro assays. SAR QSAR Environ Res. 1995;4(1):39-50.


Specific toxicants (e.g., decouplers, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or photosystem II inhibitors) may be identified based on according in vitro tests and eventually modelled by the respective mode of action related QSARs employing also, e.g., steric or polarizability descriptors to account for specific interactions.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18000848 Campero M, Ollevier F, Stoks R: Ecological relevance and sensitivity depending on the exposure time for two biomarkers. Environ Toxicol. 2007 Dec;22(6):572-81.

Overall, short-term exposure tended to overestimate the results of long-term exposure decreasing growth rates and enhancing inhibition of AChE activity in atrazine and carbaryl treatments.
88(1,1,2,3) Details
18972401 Singh M, Sandhir R, Kiran R: Atrazine-induced alterations in rat erythrocyte membranes: ameliorating effect of vitamin E. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2008 Sep;22(5):363-9.

Results indicate that atrazine exposure caused a significant inhibition of AChE activity and induction of oxidative stress in terms of increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
11878473 Jin-Clark Y, Lydy MJ, Zhu KY: Effects of atrazine and cyanazine on chlorpyrifos toxicity in Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae). Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002 Mar;21(3):598-603.

We observed a positive correlation between the degree of inhibition of AChE and the concentration of atrazine or cyanazine in the presence of a fixed concentration of chlorpyrifos.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
17597270 Tyler Mehler W, Schuler LJ, Lydy MJ: Examining the joint toxicity of chlorpyrifos and atrazine in the aquatic species: Lepomis macrochirus, Pimephales promelas and Chironomus tentans. Environ Pollut. 2008 Mar;152(1):217-24. Epub 2007 Jun 26.

In addition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and biotransformation were investigated to evaluate the toxic mode of action of chlorpyrifos in the presence of atrazine.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
6221918 Hanke W, Gluth G, Bubel H, Muller R: Physiological changes in carps induced by pollution. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1983 Apr;7(2):229-41.

Several pollutants like DDT, atrazine, PCP, and others induce changes of cortisol and glucose levels in serum, variations of the amount of liver glycogen and liver function, and exert changes of the activity of gill ATPase and acetylcholinesterase in brain and serum of carps.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
12109753 Anderson TD, Lydy MJ: Increased toxicity to invertebrates associated with a mixture of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002 Jul;21(7):1507-14.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity also was examined for the individual OPs with and without atrazine treatment.
12(0,0,2,2) Details
11534899 Belden JB, Lydy MJ: Effects of atrazine on acetylcholinesterase activity in midges (Chironomus tentans) exposed to organophosphorus insecticides. Chemosphere. 2001 Sep;44(8):1685-9.
12(0,0,2,2) Details
12560168 Forget J, Beliaeff B, Bocquene G: Acetylcholinesterase activity in copepods (Tigriopus brevicornis) from the Vilaine River estuary, France, as a biomarker of neurotoxic contaminants. Aquat Toxicol. 2003 Feb 12;62(3):195-204.

Moreover, using a linear regression model and the atrazine concentration as marker of the presence of pesticides, low levels of AChE activity were significantly explained by atrazine concentration in water.
11(0,0,1,6) Details
16865602 Rakotondravelo ML, Anderson TD, Charlton RE, Zhu KY: Sublethal effects of three pesticides on activities of selected target and detoxification enzymes in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (diptera: chironomidae). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2006 Oct;51(3):360-6. Epub 2006 Jul 21.

Sublethal effects of three pesticides including atrazine (triazine herbicide), DDT (organochlorinated insecticide), and chlorpyrifos (organophosphate insecticide) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), general esterase (GE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) activities were evaluated in the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
17974345 Campero M, Slos S, Ollevier F, Stoks R: Sublethal pesticide concentrations and predation jointly shape life history: behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Ecol Appl. 2007 Oct;17(7):2111-22.

Predation risk impaired all endpoints, including AChE activity, while the effects of pesticide stress were smaller for atrazine and endosulfan and absent for carbaryl.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
14679985 Key PB, Fulton MH, Harman-Fetcho JA, McConnell LL: Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003 Oct;45(3):371-7.

Atrazine was detected at seven sites at concentrations up to 29 ng/L.
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19674799 Tryfonos M, Papaefthimiou C, Antonopoulou E, Theophilidis G: Comparing the inhibitory effects of five protoxicant organophosphates (azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, chlorpyriphos-methyl, methamidophos and diazinon) on the spontaneously beating auricle of Sparus aurata: an in vitro study. Aquat Toxicol. 2009 Sep 14;94(3):211-8. Epub 2009 Jul 16.

Organophosphates (OPs) can provoke toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in non-target organisms, like fish.
An in vitro assay for the assessment of the effects of an organophosphate, paraoxon, and a triazine, atrazine, on the heart of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata).
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16574189 Boyer S, Serandour J, Lemperiere G, Raveton M, Ravanel P: Do herbicide treatments reduce the sensitivity of mosquito larvae to insecticides?. Chemosphere. 2006 Oct;65(4):721-4. Epub 2006 Mar 29.

Here we report an ecotoxicological approach to test the hypothesis of an indirect effect of atrazine on mortality of an invasive vector.
Identification of resistance mechanisms in a selected laboratory strain of Cacopsylla pyri (Homoptera: Psyllidae): altered acetylcholinesterases and detoxifying oxidases.
1(0,0,0,1) Details