Protein Information

Name caspase 3
Synonyms Apopain; CASP 3; CASP3; CPP 32; CPP32; CPP32B; Caspase 3; Caspase 3 precursor…

Compound Information

Name acrolein
CAS 2-propenal

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16337876 Pugazhenthi S, Phansalkar K, Audesirk G, West A, Cabell L: Differential regulation of c-jun and CREB by acrolein and 4-hydroxynonenal. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Jan 1;40(1):21-34. Epub 2005 Sep 2.

Finally, adenoviral transduction of hippocampal neurons with VP 16-CREB resulted in significant reduction in caspase-3 activation by acrolein and 4HNE.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
15843039 Tanel A, Averill-Bates DA: The aldehyde acrolein induces apoptosis via activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Apr 15;1743(3):255-67. Epub 2005 Jan 5.

However, acrolein inhibited enzymatic activity of the effector caspase-3, although a cleavage of pro-caspase-3 occurred.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
11504702 Finkelstein EI, Nardini M, van der Vliet A: Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by acrolein: a mechanism of tobacco-related lung disease?. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):L732-9.

Acrolein exposure prevented the activation of caspase-3, a crucial step in the execution of neutrophil apoptosis, presumably by direct inhibition of the enzyme.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
16275026 Misonou Y, Asahi M, Yokoe S, Miyoshi E, Taniguchi N: Acrolein produces nitric oxide through the elevation of intracellular calcium levels to induce apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: implications for smoke angiopathy. Nitric Oxide. 2006 Mar;14(2):180-7. Epub 2005 Nov 7.

Nuclear staining and a Western blot analysis using an anti-cleaved caspase 3 antibody revealed that the reduced viability of HUVEC by acrolein was due to apoptosis, which was reversed after pretreatment with 0.1mM carboxy-PTIO or 1mM L-NAME.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
11803030 Kern JC, Kehrer JP: Acrolein-induced cell death: a caspase-influenced decision between apoptosis and oncosis/necrosis. Chem Biol Interact. 2002 Jan 22;139(1):79-95.

Analysis of acrolein-treated cell lysates or recombinant caspase enzymes showed overall dose-dependent decreases in caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
16040627 Finkelstein EI, Ruben J, Koot CW, Hristova M, van der Vliet A: Regulation of constitutive neutrophil apoptosis by the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes acrolein and 4-hydroxynonenal. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005 Dec;289(6):L1019-28. Epub 2005 Jul 22.

Whereas low concentrations of either aldehyde (<10 microM) mildly promoted apoptosis in neutrophils (reflected by increased phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase-3 activation, and mitochondrial cytochrome c release), higher concentrations prevented critical features of apoptosis (caspase-3 activation, phosphatidylserine exposure) and caused delayed neutrophil cell death with characteristics of necrosis/oncosis.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
15566391 Wu SJ, Ng LT, Lin CC: Effects of vitamin E on the cinnamaldehyde-induced apoptotic mechanism in human PLC/PRF/5 cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 Nov;31(11):770-6.


The apoptotic effect induced by cinnamaldehyde could be further supported by the release of cytochrome c, Smac/Diablo and Omi/HtrA2 from mitochondria to the cytosol and activation of caspase 3.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18077176 Bader Lange ML, Cenini G, Piroddi M, Abdul HM, Sultana R, Galli F, Memo M, Butterfield DA: Loss of phospholipid asymmetry and elevated brain apoptotic protein levels in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2008 Mar;29(3):456-64. Epub 2007 Nov 12.

PtdSer asymmetry is actively maintained by the ATP-dependent translocase flippase, whose function is inhibited if covalently bound by lipid peroxidation products, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and acrolein, within the membrane bilayer in which they are produced.
Additionally, pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 have been implemented in the oxidative modification of PtdSer resulting in subsequent asymmetric collapse, while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 has been found to prevent this process.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11723234 Schwartz PS, Waxman DJ: Cyclophosphamide induces caspase 9-dependent apoptosis in 9L tumor cells. . Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;60(6):1268-79.

Cyclophosphamide (CPA), a widely used oxazaphosphorine anti-cancer prodrug, is inactive until it is metabolized by cytochrome P450 to yield phosphoramide mustard and acrolein, which alkylate DNA and proteins, respectively.
CPA and MFA were both shown to effect tumor cell death by stimulating apoptosis, as evidenced by the induction of plasma membrane blebbing, DNA fragmentation, and cleavage of the caspase 3 and caspase 7 substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in drug-treated cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14660655 Han DC, Lee MY, Shin KD, Jeon SB, Kim JM, Son KH, Kim HC, Kim HM, Kwon BM: 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis in human carcinoma via reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 20;279(8):6911-20. Epub 2003 Dec 3.


Markers of apoptosis such as degradations of chromosomal DNA and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and activation of caspase-3 were detected after HCA or BCA treatment.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19271284 Chung WG, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Maier CS: Hop proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis, protein carbonylation, and cytoskeleton disorganization in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Apr;47(4):827-36.

Hop PCs, at 50 or 100 microg/ml, exhibited apoptosis-inducing properties as shown by the increase in caspase-3 activity.
Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis in combination with 2-alkenal-specific immunochemical detection identified beta-actin and protein disulfide isomerase as major putative targets of acrolein adduction.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16381661 Desmeules P, Devine PJ: Characterizing the ovotoxicity of cyclophosphamide metabolites on cultured mouse ovaries. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Apr;90(2):500-9. Epub 2005 Dec 28.

Tissues were cultured up to d8, and then follicle counts and immunohistochemistry were performed. 4-Hydroperoxy-CPA (4-HC), a precursor of an activated form of CPA, and PM depleted primordial and primary follicles (> or =1 microM and > or =3 microM, respectively, p < 0.05); acrolein had effects on follicle numbers only under continuous exposure (> =30 microM); carboxycyclophosphamide and 4-ketocyclophosphamide reduced primordial and small primary follicles only at high concentrations (100 microM).
TUNEL staining was observed in both cell types, but caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis, was absent from primordial follicles.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19341237 Pan J, Keffer J, Emami A, Ma X, Lan R, Goldman R, Chung FL: Acrolein-derived DNA adduct formation in human colon cancer cells: its role in apoptosis induction by docosahexaenoic acid. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 May;22(5):798-806.

DHA induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner with a concentration range from 0 to 300 microM as indicated by increased caspase-3 activity and PARP cleavage.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17510524 Lee CW, Lee SH, Lee JW, Ban JO, Lee SY, Yoo HS, Jung JK, Moon DC, Oh KW, Hong JT: 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibits SW620 colon cancer cell growth through AP-1 inactivation. J Pharmacol Sci. 2007 May;104(1):19-28.


HCA also induced apoptotic cell death as well as expression of the apoptosis-regulating gene caspase-3, but inhibited the anti-apoptosis regulating gene bcl-2 in a dose-dependent manner.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16343908 Shin DS, Kim JH, Lee SK, Han DC, Son KH, Kim HM, Cheon HG, Kim KR, Sung ND, Lee SJ, Kang SK, Kwon BM: Synthesis and biological evaluation of dimeric cinnamaldehydes as potent antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Apr 15;14(8):2498-506. Epub 2005 Dec 15.


It was confirmed by detection of apoptosis markers such as activated caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, and cell cycle analysis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19709606 Chung WG, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Maier CS: Hop proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis, protein carbonylation, and cytoskeleton disorganization in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jan 15.

Hop PCs, at 50 or 100 mug/ml, exhibited apoptosis-inducing properties as shown by the increase in caspase-3 activity.
Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis in combination with 2-alkenal-specific immunochemical detection identified beta-actin and protein disulfide isomerase as major putative targets of acrolein adduction.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17035713 Benesic A, Schwerdt G, Freudinger R, Mildenberger S, Groezinger F, Wollny B, Kirchhoff A, Gekle M: Chloroacetaldehyde as a sulfhydryl reagent: the role of critical thiol groups in ifosfamide nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2006;29(5):280-93. Epub 2006 Oct 11.


CAA but not acrolein inhibited the cysteine proteases caspase-3, caspase-8 and cathepsin B.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16619238 Liu-Snyder P, McNally H, Shi R, Borgens RB: Acrolein-mediated mechanisms of neuronal death. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Jul;84(1):209-18.

0(0,0,0,0) Details