Protein Information

Name polyamine oxidase
Synonyms PAO; PAOX; Peroxisomal N1 acetyl spermine/spermidine oxidase; Polyamine oxidase; RP11 122K13.11; UNQ1923/PRO4398; polyamine oxidase (exo N4 amino); PAO…

Compound Information

Name acrolein
CAS 2-propenal

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8784495 Johnson WC, Cluff CW, Goff WL, Wyatt CR: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and products from polyamine degradation are Babesiacidal in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Jul 23;791:136-47.

Spermine degradation by polyamine oxidase and direct addition of acrolein was toxic in a dose-dependent manner.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
19661476 Saiki R, Nishimura K, Ishii I, Omura T, Okuyama S, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K: Intense correlation between brain infarction and protein-conjugated acrolein. Stroke. 2009 Oct;40(10):3356-61. Epub 2009 Aug 6.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We recently found that increases in plasma levels of protein-conjugated acrolein and polyamine oxidases, enzymes that produce acrolein, are good markers for stroke.
62(0,2,2,2) Details
16269634 Tomitori H, Usui T, Saeki N, Ueda S, Kase H, Nishimura K, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K: Polyamine oxidase and acrolein as novel biochemical markers for diagnosis of cerebral stroke. Stroke. 2005 Dec;36(12):2609-13. Epub 2005 Nov 3.
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16819267 Igarashi K: [Physiological functions of polyamines and regulation of polyamine content in cells]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006 Jul;126(7):455-71.

Finally, the correlation between acrolein produced from polyamines by polyamine oxidase and chronic renal failure and brain stroke is summarized.
12(0,0,2,2) Details
19643201 Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K: Modulation of cellular function by polyamines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Jan;42(1):39-51. Epub 2009 Jul 28.

Finally, a correlation between acrolein, produced from polyamines by polyamine oxidases, and chronic renal failure or brain stroke is summarized.
12(0,0,2,2) Details
12732208 Sakata K, Kashiwagi K, Sharmin S, Ueda S, Irie Y, Murotani N, Igarashi K: Increase in putrescine, amine oxidase, and acrolein in plasma of renal failure patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 May 23;305(1):143-9.

It was found that acrolein is mainly produced by polyamine oxidase in plasma.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
18757054 Yoshida M, Tomitori H, Machi Y, Katagiri D, Ueda S, Horiguchi K, Kobayashi E, Saeki N, Nishimura K, Ishii I, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K: Acrolein, IL-6 and CRP as markers of silent brain infarction. . Atherosclerosis. 2009 Apr;203(2):557-62. Epub 2008 Jul 26.

We found previously that increased levels of polyamine oxidase (PAO) [acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO) plus spermine oxidase (SMO)], and acrolein (CH (2) CHCHO) are good markers of stroke.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17362887 Wood PL, Khan MA, Moskal JR: The concept of "aldehyde load" in neurodegenerative mechanisms: cytotoxicity of the polyamine degradation products hydrogen peroxide, acrolein, 3-aminopropanal, 3-acetamidopropanal and 4-aminobutanal in a retinal ganglion cell line. Brain Res. 2007 May 11;1145:150-6. Epub 2007 Mar 23.

The major aldehydes produced by polyamine oxidase and amine oxidases include the 2-alkenal acrolein, the acetoamidoaldehyde 3-acetamidopropanal (3-AAP) and the aminoaldehydes 3-aminopropanal (3-AP) and 4-aminobutanal (4-AB).
6(0,0,1,1) Details
7577467 Fernandez C, Sharrard RM, Talbot M, Reed BD, Monks N: Evaluation of the significance of polyamines and their oxidases in the aetiology of human cervical carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1995 Nov;72(5):1194-9.

These amines are oxidised by polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) to generate oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide, reactive aldehydes and acrolein, which are likely to exert local mutagenic, cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects in vivo.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
6381596 Ferrante A, Rzepczyk CM, Saul AJ: Polyamine oxidase-mediated trypanosome killing: the role of hydrogen peroxide and aldehydes. J Immunol. 1984 Oct;133(4):2157-62.

These included hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the aldehyde acrolein, and possibly aminoaldehydes.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
3744554 Ferrante A, Ljungstrom I, Rzepczyk CM, Morgan DM: Differences in sensitivity of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula, Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae, and Nematospiroides dubius third-stage larvae to damage by the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system. Infect Immun. 1986 Sep;53(3):606-10.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
2264722 Levitz SM, DiBenedetto DJ, Diamond RD: Inhibition and killing of fungi by the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1990 Aug;58(2):107-14.

Two putative end products of the system, hydrogen peroxide and acrolein, both killed C. neoformans at concentrations attainable with the whole system.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
3980049 Ferrante A: Inhibition of human neutrophil locomotion by the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system. Immunology. 1985 Apr;54(4):785-90.

Acrolein, a breakdown product of other products (aminoaldehydes), was found to inhibit the neutrophil functions.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19639169 Agostinelli E, Condello M, Molinari A, Tempera G, Viceconte N, Arancia G: Cytotoxicity of spermine oxidation products to multidrug resistant melanoma M14 ADR2 cells: sensitization by the MDL 72527 lysosomotropic compound. Int J Oncol. 2009 Sep;35(3):485-98.

The metabolites formed by BSAO and spermine are more toxic than exogenous H2O2 and acrolein, even though their concentration is lower during the initial phase of incubation due to their more gradual release than the exogenous products.
Both wild-type and MDR cells, after pre-treatment with MDL 72527, an inactivator of polyamine oxidase and a lysosomotropic compound, show to be sensitized to subsequent exposure to BSAO/spermine.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6585180 Frolik CA, Roller PP, Cone JL, Dart LL, Smith DM, Sporn MB: Inhibition of transforming growth factor-induced cell growth in soft agar by oxidized polyamines. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984 Apr;230(1):93-102.

Evidence suggests that the polyamines must first be oxidized by serum polyamine oxidase before inhibition will occur.
Acrolein, a product of polyamine oxidation, will also inhibit cell growth in soft agar with an ED50 of 6.8 microM.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
3678446 Traore-Leroux T, Fumoux F, Chaize J, Roelants GE: Trypanosoma brucei: polyamine oxidase mediated trypanolytic activity in the serum of naturally resistant cattle. Exp Parasitol. 1987 Dec;64(3):401-9.

Oxidation of spermidine by polyamine oxidase leads to the production of unstable aldehydes, acrolein, ammonia, O2-, HO, and H2O2.
84(1,1,1,4) Details
16554974 Igarashi K, Ueda S, Yoshida K, Kashiwagi K: Polyamines in renal failure. . Amino Acids. 2006 Nov;31(4):477-83. Epub 2006 Mar 24.

As acrolein was a major toxic compound produced from spermine by polyamine oxidase, the levels of free and protein-conjugated acrolein in plasma were also measured.
83(1,1,1,3) Details
17026969 Wood PL, Khan MA, Moskal JR, Todd KG, Tanay VA, Baker G: Aldehyde load in ischemia-reperfusion brain injury: neuroprotection by neutralization of reactive aldehydes with phenelzine. Brain Res. 2006 Nov 29;1122(1):184-90. Epub 2006 Oct 5.

Both aminoaldehydes and acrolein are generated from the metabolism of polyamines to putrescine by polyamine oxidase.
81(1,1,1,1) Details