Protein Information

Name p38
Synonyms AIMP 2; p38; AIMP2; JTV 1; JTV1; JTV1 gene; JTV1 protein; Multisynthetase complex auxiliary component p38…

Compound Information

Name acrolein
CAS 2-propenal

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19631294 Liu DS, Wang T, Han SX, Dong JJ, Liao ZL, He GM, Chen L, Chen YJ, Xu D, Hou Y, Li YP, Wen FQ: p38 MAPK and MMP-9 cooperatively regulate mucus overproduction in mice exposed to acrolein fog. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Sep;9(10):1228-35. Epub 2009 Jul 22.

METHODS: Mice were exposed to 4.0 ppm of acrolein for 21 days with daily intraperitoneal injection of SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK.
177(2,2,4,7) Details
17196791 Tanel A, Averill-Bates DA: P38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate acrolein-induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cell Signal. 2007 May;19(5):968-77. Epub 2006 Nov 25.

Phosphorylation of ERK and p38 kinases and their blockade by an ERK inhibitor, U0126, or a p38 inhibitor, SB203580, respectively, suggested that activation of apoptosis by acrolein is ERK- and p38-dependent.
174(1,4,4,4) Details
17363696 Park YS, Kim J, Misonou Y, Takamiya R, Takahashi M, Freeman MR, Taniguchi N: Acrolein induces cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: roles of p38 MAP kinase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jun;27(6):1319-25. Epub 2007 Mar 15.
112(1,2,2,2) Details
19286926 Moretto N, Facchinetti F, Southworth T, Civelli M, Singh D, Patacchini R: alpha,beta-Unsaturated aldehydes contained in cigarette smoke elicit IL-8 release in pulmonary cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 May;296(5):L839-48. Epub 2009 Mar 13.

IL-8 release elicited by both acrolein and CSE was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
84(1,1,1,4) Details
15313424 Rahman I, Marwick J, Kirkham P: Redox modulation of chromatin remodeling: impact on histone acetylation and deacetylation, NF-kappaB and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Sep 15;68(6):1255-67.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), either directly or via the formation of lipid peroxidation products, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, acrolein and F2-isoprostanes, may play a role in enhancing inflammation through the activation and phosphorylation of stress kinases (JNK, ERK, p38) and redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and AP-1.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
11504702 Finkelstein EI, Nardini M, van der Vliet A: Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by acrolein: a mechanism of tobacco-related lung disease?. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):L732-9.

Acrolein (1--50 microM) was found to induce marked activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and inhibition of p38 MAPK activation by SB-203580 prevented acrolein-induced IL-8 release.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
14561194 Rahman I: Oxidative stress and gene transcription in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: antioxidant therapeutic targets. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2002 Sep;1(3):291-315.

ROS, either directly or via the formation of lipid peroxidation products such as acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and F (2)-isoprostanes, may play a role in enhancing the inflammation through the activation of stress kinases (JNK, MAPK, p38, phosphoinositide 3 (PI-3)-kinase/PI-3K-activated serine-threonine kinase Akt) and redox sensitive transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and AP-1.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18448814 Park YS, Taniguchi N: Acrolein induces inflammatory response underlying endothelial dysfunction: a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Apr;1126:185-9.

Our study demonstrates that acrolein, a known toxin in tobacco smoke, elevates oxidative stress via inactivation of thioredoxin reductase and stimulates expression of cyclooxygenase-2 through activation of the protein kinase C, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cAMP response element-binding protein pathway in endothelial cells.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
12605413 Gomez-Ramos A, Diaz-Nido J, Smith MA, Perry G, Avila J: Effect of the lipid peroxidation product acrolein on tau phosphorylation in neural cells. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Mar 15;71(6):863-70.

Whereas the basal phosphorylation of tau protein at the PHF1 site seems to be largely mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (which is also activated in response to Abeta peptide), the acrolein-induced tau hyperphosphorylation at the same site is also due to p38 stress-activated kinase.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
15964311 Wu SJ, Ng LT, Lin CC: Cinnamaldehyde-induced apoptosis in human PLC/PRF/5 cells through activation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and MAPK pathway. Life Sci. 2005 Jul 8;77(8):938-51. Epub 2005 Mar 19.


In this study, we investigated the effect of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) inhibitors [namely SP600125 (a specific JNK inhibitor), SB203580 (a specific p38 inhibitor) and PD98059 (a specific ERK inhibitor)] on the stress-responsive MAPK pathway induced by Cin in PLC/PRF/5 cells.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11329622 Takeuchi K, Kato M, Suzuki H, Akhand AA, Wu J, Hossain K, Miyata T, Matsumoto Y, Nimura Y, Nakashima I: Acrolein induces activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor of human keratinocytes for cell death. J Cell Biochem. 2001;81(4):679-88.

MAP family kinases, including ERK, JNK, and p38 kinase, and the potentially downstream transcription factor c-Jun were all promoted for phosphorylation/activation during a period of 5-30 min.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17486422 Kim DH, Kim CH, Kim MS, Kim JY, Jung KJ, Chung JH, An WG, Lee JW, Yu BP, Chung HY: Suppression of age-related inflammatory NF-kappaB activation by cinnamaldehyde. Biogerontology. 2007 Oct;8(5):545-54. Epub 2007 May 8.


Our study further shows that CNA inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB via three signal transduction pathways, NIK/IKK, ERK, and p38 MAPK.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17855188 Chung YM, Yoo YD, Kim JS, Lee CY, Kim HJ: The activity of 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde against drug-resistant cancer cell lines. J Chemother. 2007 Aug;19(4):428-37.


The activation of the p38-mitogen activated protein kinase, an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and downregulation of Bcl-2 were observed in both the drug resistant and non-drug resistant cell lines.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19696094 Conklin DJ, Haberzettl P, Lesgards JF, Prough RA, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A: Increased sensitivity of glutathione S-transferase P-null mice to cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Nov;331(2):456-69. Epub 2009 Aug 20.


Hemorrhagic cystitis and diffuse inflammation of the bladder, common side effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment, have been linked to the generation of acrolein derived from CY metabolism.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
20153347 Kim CE, Lee SJ, Seo KW, Park HM, Yun JW, Bae JU, Bae SS, Kim CD: Acrolein increases 5-lipoxygenase expression in murine macrophages through activation of ERK pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 11.

0(0,0,0,0) Details