Protein Information

Name mitogen activated protein kinase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms MAPK; mitogen activated protein kinase; mitogen activated protein kinases

Compound Information

Name sodium fluoride
CAS sodium fluoride (NaF)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
11855746 Hashimoto H, Lau KH: Differential effects of bacterial toxins on mitogenic actions of sodium fluoride and those of aluminum fluoride in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001 Dec;228(1-2):91-8.

This study compared the effects of cholera toxin (CTX) and pertussis toxin (PTX) on the actions of sodium fluoride (NaF) and those of aluminum fluoride (AlF3) on cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as tyrosine phosphorylation level of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human bone cells.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
17996917 Refsnes M, Skuland T, Schwarze PE, Ovrevik J, Lag M: Fluoride-induced IL-8 release in human epithelial lung cells: relationship to EGF-receptor-, SRC- and MAP-kinase activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Feb 15;227(1):56-67. Epub 2007 Oct 3.

Sodium fluoride strongly activated MAPK, in particular JNK1/2 and p38.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
9564854 Hulley PA, Gordon F, Hough FS: Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and proliferation of an early osteoblast cell line (MBA 15.4) by dexamethasone: role of protein phosphatases. Endocrinology. 1998 May;139(5):2423-31.

Because MAPK is inactivated by dephosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues, cells were treated concomitantly for 24 h with dexamethasone and inhibitors of tyrosine (sodium orthovanadate) and/or serine/threonine phosphatases (sodium fluoride).
35(0,1,1,5) Details
19493891 Karube H, Nishitai G, Inageda K, Kurosu H, Matsuoka M: NaF activates MAPKs and induces apoptosis in odontoblast-like cells. J Dent Res. 2009 May;88(5):461-5.


In this study, we examined whether NaF induces apoptosis in MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells and the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in NaF-induced apoptosis.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10376804 Tokuda H, Kozawa O, Harada A, Uematsu T: p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is involved in prostaglandin F2alpha-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts. Cell Signal. 1999 May;11(5):325-30.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
12646577 Tokuda H, Harada A, Hirade K, Matsuno H, Ito H, Kato K, Oiso Y, Kozawa O: Incadronate amplifies prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 23;278(21):18930-7. Epub 2003 Mar 19.


Enhancement of MAPK activity..
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11029753 Kozawa O, Yamamoto T, Tanabe K, Akamatsu S, Dohi S, Uematsu T: Enhancement by sphingosine 1-phosphate in vasopressin-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis in aortic smooth-muscle cells: involvement of p38 MAP kinase. J Cell Biochem. 2000 Sep 18;80(1):46-52.


We previously reported that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S-1-P), a sphingomyelin metabolite, activates p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p38 MAP kinase in aortic smooth-muscle A10 cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19376214 Ridley W, Matsuoka M: Fluoride-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Aug 10;188(3):180-5. Epub 2009 Apr 17.

To clarify the mechanisms of fluoride-induced airway diseases, we examined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an important mediator of airway inflammation, in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells treated with sodium fluoride (NaF).
Phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH (2)-terminal kinase, and p38-increased after NaF exposure, while treatment with the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor U0126 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 markedly suppressed COX-2 expression.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11968002 Hatakeyama D, Kozawa O, Otsuka T, Shibata T, Uematsu T: Zinc suppresses IL-6 synthesis by prostaglandin F2alpha in osteoblasts: inhibition of phospholipase C and phospholipase D. J Cell Biochem. 2002;85(3):621-8.


We previously reported that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) induces phosphoinositide hydrolysis by phospholipase C and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase D through heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, resulting in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and that PGF2alpha stimulates the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) via PKC-dependent p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16414982 Bogatcheva NV, Wang P, Birukova AA, Verin AD, Garcia JG: Mechanism of fluoride-induced MAP kinase activation in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):L1139-45. Epub 2006 Jan 13.


Inhibition of the Erk MAPK, MEK, by U0126 produces a marked decrease in NaF-induced caldesmon phosphorylation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16407301 Fritz A, Brayer KJ, McCormick N, Adams DG, Wadzinski BE, Vaillancourt RR: Phosphorylation of serine 526 is required for MEKK3 activity, and association with 14-3-3 blocks dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 10;281(10):6236-45. Epub 2006 Jan 9.

In addition, phosphorylation of Ser526 was required for MKK6 phosphorylation in vitro, whereas dephosphorylation of Ser526 was mediated by protein phosphatase 2A and sensitive to okadaic acid and sodium fluoride.
MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) that functions upstream of the MAP kinases and IkappaB kinase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16269967 Lappas G, Daou GB, Anand-Srivastava MB: Oxidative stress contributes to the enhanced expression of Gialpha proteins and adenylyl cyclase signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 2005 Dec;23(12):2251-61.

Similarly, diminished stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by GTPgammaS, isoproterenol and sodium fluoride in SHR was also restored towards control WKY rat levels by NAC and DPI treatments.
Furthermore, PD98059, a selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase, was able to restore the enhanced expression of Gialpha proteins in VSMC from SHR towards WKY rat levels.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9917518 Susa M: Heterotrimeric G proteins as fluoride targets in bone (review). Int J Mol Med. 1999 Feb;3(2):115-26.

G alpha i activation leads to the reduction in cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) levels and to the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases, Erks (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) and p70 S6 kinase.
Such complex can form in food, drinking water and in the organism after administration of sodium fluoride.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11346645 Aoyama K, Nagata M, Oshima K, Matsuda T, Aoki N: Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dual specificity phosphatase, LMW-DSP2, that lacks the cdc25 homology domain. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 20;276(29):27575-83. Epub 2001 May 9.


Recombinant LMW-DSP2 protein exhibited phosphatase activity toward an artificial low molecular weight substrate para-nitrophenyl phosphate, and the activity was inhibited completely by sodium orthovanadate but not sodium fluoride, pyrophosphate, and okadaic acid.
0(0,0,0,0) Details