Protein Information

Name alkaline phosphatase
Synonyms ALP 1; Alkaline phosphatase; ALPG; ALPPL; ALPPL 2; ALPPL2; GCAP; Germ cell alkaline phosphatase…

Compound Information

Name sodium fluoride
CAS sodium fluoride (NaF)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8880818 Komatsu H, Ueki M, Morita J, Chujo K, Ogli K: Clinical characteristics and biotransformation of sevoflurane in paediatric patients during antiepileptic drug therapy. Paediatr Anaesth. 1996;6(5):379-82.

Plasma F- analysis was performed at the stages of: 1) induction of anaesthesia, 2) conclusion of anaesthesia, 3) 15 h after the conclusion of anaesthesia, using an ion-selective electrode calibrated with a standard solution of sodium fluoride.
Pre- and postoperative hepatic (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin) and renal (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) function was tested.
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17469495 Dabrowska E, Balunowska M, Letko R: [Histoenzymatic study of the liver and submandibular gland of rats exposed to sodium fluoride in drinking water]. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2006;52 Suppl 1:9-15.

The intensity of staining for lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase was evaluated.
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14629005 Alves-Ferreira M, Dutra PM, Lopes AH, Ferreira-Pereira A, Scofano HM, Meyer-Fernandes JR: Magnesium-dependent ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase activity in Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum. Curr Microbiol. 2003 Oct;47(4):265-71.

Classical inhibitors of acid phosphatases, such as sodium orthovanadate (NaVO3), sodium fluoride (NaF), and ammonium molybdate presented no effect on this activity.
The ecto-ATPase activity was insensitive to oligomycin and sodium azide, two inhibitors of mitochondrial Mg-ATPase, bafilomycin A1, a V-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain, a Na (+)+K+-ATPase inhibitor and to levamizole, an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase.
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11855746 Hashimoto H, Lau KH: Differential effects of bacterial toxins on mitogenic actions of sodium fluoride and those of aluminum fluoride in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001 Dec;228(1-2):91-8.

NaF and AlF3 each significantly stimulated the proliferation of human TE85 osteosarcoma cells, increased cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and increased MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation level.
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8647917 Suzuki A, Kozawa O, Shinoda J, Watanabe Y, Saito H, Oiso Y: Thrombin induces proliferation of osteoblast-like cells through phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. J Cell Physiol. 1996 Jul;168(1):209-16.


Thrombin suppressed both basal and fetal calf serum-induced alkaline phosphatase activity in these cells.
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11746504 Rodriguez JP, Rosselot G: Sodium fluoride induces changes on proteoglycans synthesized by avian osteoblasts in culture. J Cell Biochem. 2001;83(4):607-16.

Also NaF increases, in a concentration dependent manner, 10 times the alkaline phosphatase activity.
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8738564 Hamamoto Y, Nagai K, Muto M, Furumoto H, Mogami S, Asagami C: Establishment and characterization of a novel human promonocytic cell line from peripheral blood of a patient with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996 May;288(5-6):225-9.


Cytochemical studies showed a positive reaction for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, which was completely inhibited by sodium fluoride, a diffuse positive reaction for periodic acid-Schiff, and a negative result for alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase.
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9067707 Hamamoto Y, Nagai K, Muto M, Nakamura K, Yasui H, Asagami C: Establishment and characterization of a novel human cell line exhibiting both immunophenotypic markers of monocyte/macrophage and natural killer cell lineages from peripheral blood of a patient with atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 1997 Feb;6(1):49-53.


The cytochemical staining showed a positive reaction for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, which was completely inhibited by sodium fluoride, but a negative result for periodic acid-Schiff, peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase.
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9312196 Zerwekh JE, Padalino P, Pak CY: The effect of intermittent slow-release sodium fluoride and continuous calcium citrate therapy on calcitropic hormones, biochemical markers of bone metabolism, and blood chemistry in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997 Oct;61(4):272-8.

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19414411 Chien CH, Sakagami H, Kouhara M, Sasaki A, Matsumoto K, Kanegae H: Effect of simulated orthodontic forces on fluoride-induced cytotoxicity in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. In Vivo. 2009 Mar-Apr;23(2):259-65.


The effects of simulated orthodontic forces such as centrifugal force or water pressure on sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced cytotoxicity against mouse osteoblast-like cells MC3T3-E1 were investigated.
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8948332 Tosomba OM, Coetzer TH, Lonsdale-Eccles JD: Localisation of acid phosphatase activity on the surface of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma congolense. Exp Parasitol. 1996 Dec;84(3):429-38.


This activity appears to be from an acid phosphatase because it was enhanced at low pH values, was inhibited by the acid phosphatase inhibitor sodium fluoride, and was not inhibited by the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor tetramisole.
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15080879 Ceron JJ, Martinez-Subiela S, Hennemann C, Tecles F: The effects of different anticoagulants on routine canine plasma biochemistry. Vet J. 2004 May;167(3):294-301.


The effects of heparin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate and sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate on plasma biochemistry results in dogs were studied and compared with serum.
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10064141 Kassner A, Lessmann M, Wasner HK: Degradation of the cyclic AMP antagonist prostaglandylinositol cyclic phosphate (cyclic PIP) by dephosphorylation. Biol Chem. 1999 Jan;380(1):85-8.

Like alkaline phosphatase, cyclic PIP-degrading enzymes require Mg2+ and they are inhibited by heavy metal ions such as mercuric and copper chloride, by sodium fluoride and interestingly, by prostaglandins.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
9510097 Yamaguchi M, Gao YH: Potent effect of zinc acexamate on bone components in the femoral-metaphyseal tissues of elderly female rats. Gen Pharmacol. 1998 Mar;30(3):423-7.

The effect of zinc acexamate (10 [-5] M) on the increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in the metaphyseal tissues was remarkable as compared with that of insulin (10 [-8] M), estrogen (10 [-9] M), insulin-like growth factor-I (10 [-8] M), transforming growth factor-beta (10 [-10] M), sodium fluoride (10 [-3] M), dexamethasone (10 [-7] M) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4; 10 [-5] M) with an effective concentration. 4.
8(0,0,1,3) Details
10405823 Roach HI: Association of matrix acid and alkaline phosphatases with mineralization of cartilage and endochondral bone. Histochem J. 1999 Jan;31(1):53-61.

The acid phosphatase in the chondrocytes and the matrix was tartrate-resistant, but inhibited by 2 mM sodium fluoride, whereas for osteoclasts 50-100 mM sodium fluoride were required for inhibition.
Simultaneous localisation of both acid and alkaline phosphatase activities was possible in tissue that had been fixed in 85% ethanol and processed immediately.
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17899011 Furuhashi K: Alkaline phosphatase of Physarum polycephalum is insoluble. Arch Microbiol. 2008 Feb;189(2):151-6. Epub 2007 Sep 26.

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9677313 Galigniana MD: Native rat kidney mineralocorticoid receptor is a phosphoprotein whose transformation to a DNA-binding form is induced by phosphatases. Biochem J. 1998 Aug 1;333 ( Pt 3):555-63.


Addition of alkaline phosphatase to rat kidney cytosol diminishes the ability of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) to bind aldosterone in a time-, temperature- and concentration-dependent form.
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18600398 Qu WJ, Zhong DB, Wu PF, Wang JF, Han B: Sodium fluoride modulates caprine osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Bone Miner Metab. 2008;26(4):328-34. Epub 2008 Jul 4.

Caprine osteoblasts at 2.0 x 10 (-4) cells/ml were incubated in vitro with NaF at 0, 10 (-8), 10 (-7), 10 (-6), 10 (-5), 10 (-4), 5.0 x 10 (-4), and 10 (-3) M, and then proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, calcification, and alkaline phosphatase activity were examined.
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10656205 von Tirpitz C, Klaus J, Bruckel J, Rieber A, Scholer A, Adler G, Bohm BO, Reinshagen M: Increase of bone mineral density with sodium fluoride in patients with Crohn's disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000 Jan;12(1):19-24.

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were used as markers for bone turnover.
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18676123 Das J, Ghosh J, Manna P, Sil PC: Taurine provides antioxidant defense against NaF-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes. Pathophysiology. 2008 Oct;15(3):181-90. Epub 2008 Aug 3.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) was used as the source of fluoride for this particular study.
Increased activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) due to the same dose of toxin exposure confirmed membrane damage.
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8637511 Mihashi M, Tsutsui T: Clastogenic activity of sodium fluoride to rat vertebral body-derived cells in culture. Mutat Res. 1996 May;368(1):7-13.

RVBd cells in secondary culture exhibited a high level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity when the cells at confluence were assayed by ALP staining.
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16609917 Claassen H, Cellarius C, Scholz-Ahrens KE, Schrezenmeir J, Gluer CC, Schunke M, Kurz B: Extracellular matrix changes in knee joint cartilage following bone-active drug treatment. Cell Tissue Res. 2006 May;324(2):279-89. Epub 2006 Jan 28.

We investigated the effects of vitamin D and calcium deficiency, estrogen deficiency, and hypercortisolism alone or in combination with bisphosphonates or sodium fluoride in an animal model, viz., the Gottingen miniature pig (n=29).
In cryo- or paraffin sections, alkaline phosphatase (AP, as an enzyme indicating mineralization or reorganization of articular cartilage matrix) was localized by enzyme histochemistry, and positive cells were counted, whereas differently sulfated GAGs were stained histochemically.
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9079918 McCartney B, Howell LD, Kennelly PJ, Potts M: Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol. 1997 Apr;179(7):2314-8.

The P-Tyr content of the three major P-Tyr proteins and several minor proteins increased with their time of incubation in the presence of Mg-ATP and the protein phosphatase inhibitors sodium orthovanadate and sodium fluoride.
Alkaline phosphatase and the dual-specificity protein phosphatase IphP from the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584 also dephosphorylated these proteins and did so with greater apparent efficiency.
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12515970 Celi M, Letizia C, Ragno A, Minisola S, D'Erasmo E, Mazzuoli GF: [Effects of the combined raloxifene-sodium fluoride therapy on bone mass and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Minerva Med. 2002 Dec;93(6):471-8.

Lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck (FN) BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at time 0 (T0), after 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) months; at the same time, serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and urinary N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen normalized by creatinine (NTx/cr) were determined at T0, T6 and T12.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10101440 Bohatyrewicz A: [The effect of sodium fluoride on selected biochemical markers of bone turnover in ovariectomized rats]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 1998 Oct;5(28):192-4.

Serum was then collected for measurement of fluoride concentration, serum total alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and concentration of telopeptide of rat type I collagen (ICTP).
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15115110 Thaweboon S, Thaweboon B, Chunhabundit P, Suppukpatana P: Effect of fluoride on human dental pulp cells in vitro. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003 Dec;34(4):915-8.


Human dental pulp cells were cultured in fluoride containing medium of various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 80 ppm) in order to study the biological effect on the cells' proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities.
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11860933 Xu S, Zheng G, Li M, Shu B: [Direct effects of fluoride on activities of bone morphogenetic protein] . Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000 Jul;34(4):215-7.

METHOD: A complex sample containing BMP and sodium fluoride was implanted under the abdominal skin of young male Wistar rats.
The histological characteristics, and activities of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase of the implanted were examined to study the effects of fluoride on biological activities of BMP.
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14713283 Pepene CE, Seck T, Diel I, Minne HW, Ziegler R, Pfeilschifter J: Influence of fluor salts, hormone replacement therapy and calcitonin on the concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in human iliac crest bone matrix from patients with primary osteoporosis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Jan;150(1):81-91.


However, the lower rate of bone turnover in women with HRT may account for this difference, since the significance was lost after adjustment for alkaline phosphatase.
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14601470 Mazurek-Mochol M: [Interaction between fluorine and zinc after long-term oral administration into the digestive system of rats]. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2002;48:75-83.

The aim of this study was to search for interactions in rats between fluoride and zinc administered orally for 12 weeks and to elucidate any potential toxicological and therapeutic consequences. 60 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of ten rats each and exposed to: 1. controls (distilled water); 2. sodium fluoride (NaF); 3. low-dose zinc (Zn); 4. high-dose zinc; 5.
Serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities, as well as bilirubin and creatinine concentrations were determined to confirm non-toxicity of fluoride dose.
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