Protein Information

Name protein kinase C (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Protein kinase C; PKC

Compound Information

Name sodium fluoride
CAS sodium fluoride (NaF)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8638706 Takahashi T, Kojima Y, Tsunoda Y, Beyer LA, Kamijo M, Sima AA, Owyang C: Impaired intracellular signal transduction in gastric smooth muscle of diabetic BB/W rats. Am J Physiol. 1996 Mar;270(3 Pt 1):G411-7.


Biochemical measurements of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and protein kinase C (PKC) in gastric muscle were performed to characterize abnormalities of the intracellular signal transduction system in gastric myocytes.
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11557472 Abdelghaffar H, Vazifeh D, Labro MT: Cellular uptake of two fluoroketolides, HMR 3562 and HMR 3787, by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Oct;45(10):2798-806.


As with other macrolides and ketolides, the existence of an active transport system was suggested by (i) the strong interindividual variability in uptake kinetics, suggesting variability in the number or activity of a transport protein; (ii) the saturation kinetics characteristic of a carrier-mediated transport system (V (max), about 2,300 ng/2.5 x 10 (6) PMN/5 min; K (m), about 50 microg/ml); (iii) the inhibitory effects of Ni (2+) (a blocker of the Na+-Ca (2+) exchanger), phorbol myristate acetate (a protein kinase C activator), and H89 (a protein kinase A inhibitor).
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9780316 Lindeman KS, Hirshman CA, Kuhl JS, Levitsky HI, Emala CW: Chronic oxytocin pretreatment inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity in cultured rat myometrial cells. Biol Reprod. 1998 Nov;59(5):1108-15.


To understand the mechanism by which oxytocin pretreatment decreased activity of the adenylyl cyclase pathway, we compared effects of pretreatment with either oxytocin or phenylephrine on adenylyl cyclase activity and determined the effects of Gi inhibition and protein kinase C (PKC) depletion.
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15075332 Hashigasako A, Machide M, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T: Bi-directional regulation of Ser-985 phosphorylation of c-met via protein kinase C and protein phosphatase 2A involves c-Met activation and cellular responsiveness to hepatocyte growth factor. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 18;279(25):26445-52. Epub 2004 Apr 9.

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12485864 Refsnes M, Kersten H, Schwarze PE, Lag M: Involvement of protein kinase C in fluoride-induced apoptosis in different types of lung cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Nov;973:218-20.

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9475387 Eyster KM, Berger TL, Rodrigo MC, Sheth MV: Protein phosphatase activity in the rat ovary throughout pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. Biol Reprod. 1998 Feb;58(2):338-45.

Specific protein phosphatase activity against protein kinase C-phosphorylated substrate was measured in the rat ovary during pseudopregnancy and pregnancy.
Tissues were processed in the presence of sodium fluoride and inorganic phosphate to inhibit the phosphatase and thereby prevent autodephosphorylation of the type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) during homogenization.
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9836513 Zhou J, Huynh QK, Hoffman RT, Crook ED, Daniels MC, Gulve EA, McClain DA: Regulation of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Diabetes. 1998 Dec;47(12):1836-40.


This loss of activity was inhibited by the addition of phosphatase inhibitors (5 mmol/l sodium orthovanadate, 50 mmol/l sodium fluoride, or 5 mmol/l EDTA, but not 100 nmol/l okadaic acid), suggesting that GFA undergoes rapid dephosphorylation by endogenous phosphatases.
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12466482 Hui EK, Nayak DP: Role of G protein and protein kinase signalling in influenza virus budding in MDCK cells. J Gen Virol. 2002 Dec;83(Pt 12):3055-66.


In this report, we demonstrate that G protein signalling stimulators such as sodium fluoride, aluminium fluoride, compound 48/80 and mastoparan stimulated the budding and release of influenza virus.
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12052780 Pophof B, Van der Goes van Naters W: Activation and inhibition of the transduction process in silkmoth olfactory receptor neurons. Chem Senses. 2002 Jun;27(5):435-43.

In both sexes, the G-protein activator sodium fluoride and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol, a membrane-permeable analog of the protein kinase C activator diacylglycerol, elicited nerve impulse responses similar to those elicited by weak continuous stimulation with odorants.
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9648724 Sayeski PP, Ali MS, Harp JB, Marrero MB, Bernstein KE: Phosphorylation of p130Cas by angiotensin II is dependent on c-Src, intracellular Ca2+, and protein kinase C. Circ Res. 1998 Jun 29;82(12):1279-88.

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9365931 Chuprun JK, Rapoport RM: Protein kinase C regulation of ATP-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis in bovine aorta endothelial cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 1997 Nov;17(6):787-814.

In membranes prepared from these PMA-treated cells, Ca (2+)-, sodium fluoride-, GTP gamma S-, and ATP plus GTP gamma S-stimulated inositol bisphosphate, but not inositol trisphosphate, formation was inhibited.
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15877111 Amira S, Mule F: Effects of sodium fluoride on the mechanical activity in mouse gastric preparations. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;83(4):367-73.

The contractile effect was significantly reduced by nifedipine (an L-type Ca (2+) channel blocker), ryanodine or ruthenium red (inhibitors of Ca (2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum), and GF109203X (a protein kinase C inhibitor).
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9581864 Tokuda H, Kozawa O, Harada A, Uematsu T: Tiludronate inhibits interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts: inhibition of phospholipase D activation in MC3T3-E1 cells. J Cell Biochem. 1998 Jun 1;69(3):252-9.


In previous studies, we have reported that PGF2alpha stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis by phospholipase C and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase D through heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, and that PGF2alpha and PGE1 induce interleukin-6 (IL-6) synthesis via activation of protein kinase C and protein kinase A, respectively.
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8647917 Suzuki A, Kozawa O, Shinoda J, Watanabe Y, Saito H, Oiso Y: Thrombin induces proliferation of osteoblast-like cells through phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. J Cell Physiol. 1996 Jul;168(1):209-16.


The combined effects of thrombin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester, on the choline formation were additive.
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12507602 Agalakova NI, Gusev GP: Effect of protein kinase C activation on Na+-H+ exchange in erythrocytes of frog Rana temporaria. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003 Jan;134(1):11-20.

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11700015 Kataoka Y, Masui H, Iwata N, Wakabayashi I: Acidosis inhibits gallbladder contraction mediated by protein kinase C activation. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;87(2):158-63.

Acidosis significantly inhibited Ca2+-induced contraction in the presence of sodium fluoride and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate but not that in the presence of KCl.
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10022774 Manna PR, Pakarainen P, Rannikko AS, Huhtaniemi IT: Mechanisms of desensitization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action in a murine granulosa cell line stably transfected with the human FSH receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998 Nov 25;146(1-2):163-76.

Prestimulation of the G-protein activity by sodium fluoride (NaF) or cholera toxin (CT), followed by rhFSH challenge, accounted for a decrease in the cAMP-mediated responsiveness, down to 69.4 +/- 2.8 or 74.2 +/- 1.9%, of control (P < 0.001), respectively, indicating that the post-receptor events are critical for desensitization. [125I] iodo-rhFSH binding to the cells did not change significantly during desensitization and the different stimulations.
The suppression by TPA preincubation of the rhFSH-induced cAMP synthesis was completely abolished by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor staurosporine (STR).
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9564854 Hulley PA, Gordon F, Hough FS: Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and proliferation of an early osteoblast cell line (MBA 15.4) by dexamethasone: role of protein phosphatases. Endocrinology. 1998 May;139(5):2423-31.

The dexamethasone-induced decline in preosteoblast proliferation correlated with a 30-40% reduction in protein kinase C/TPA-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity.
Because MAPK is inactivated by dephosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues, cells were treated concomitantly for 24 h with dexamethasone and inhibitors of tyrosine (sodium orthovanadate) and/or serine/threonine phosphatases (sodium fluoride).
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19376214 Ridley W, Matsuoka M: Fluoride-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Aug 10;188(3):180-5. Epub 2009 Apr 17.

To clarify the mechanisms of fluoride-induced airway diseases, we examined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an important mediator of airway inflammation, in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells treated with sodium fluoride (NaF).
Phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH (2)-terminal kinase, and p38-increased after NaF exposure, while treatment with the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor U0126 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 markedly suppressed COX-2 expression.
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11682701 Misurski DA, Hopfner RL, Gopalakrishnan V: Attenuated agonist evoked vasoconstrictor responses in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Exp Biol Med. 2001 Nov;226(10):940-6.

Changes in agonist-evoked responses in the 14-week-old diabetic group were unaffected by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, the calcium pump inhibitor, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), or by endothelial denudation.
Sodium fluoride (NaF), an activator of guanosine triphosphate binding proteins (G proteins) normalized the responses in the 14-week-old diabetic group.
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8931111 Kozawa O, Suzuki A, Shinoda J, Oiso Y: Effect of retinoic acid on prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced phospholipase D activity in osteoblast-like cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1996 Sep;55(3):151-4.


We previously reported that prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) activates phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D independently from the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, and reported that pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein (G-protein) is involved in the PGF2 alpha-induced phospholipase D activation.
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9884076 Pype JL, Mak JC, Dupont LJ, Verleden GM, Barnes PJ: Desensitization of the histamine H1-receptor and transcriptional down-regulation of histamine H1-receptor gene expression in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Dec;125(7):1477-84.

We have investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the desensitization of histamine H1-receptors and in the expression of the histamine H1-receptor gene in airway smooth muscle.
In contrast, the responses to sodium fluoride, a direct G-protein activator, were unalterd by PDBu (100-300 nM) pre-incubation and only slightly reduced following incubation with 1 microM PDBu.
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8733583 Weber LP, Chow WL, Abebe W, MacLeod KM: Enhanced contractile responses of arteries from streptozotocin diabetic rats to sodium fluoride. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 May;118(1):115-22.

Ryanodine (30 microM) which depletes intracellular calcium stores, nifedipine (3 microM) which blocks dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels and calphostin C (0.5 microM) which selectively inhibits protein kinase C, all significantly inhibited maximum contractile responses of mesenteric arteries from control and diabetic rats to NaF.
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8818202 Eto B, Boisset M, Desjeux JF: Sodium fluoride inhibits the antisecretory effect of peptide YY and its analog in rabbit jejunum. Arch Physiol Biochem. 1996;104(2):180-4.

For this purpose, electrogenic chloride secretion was assessed by measuring the in vitro variations in short-circuit current (delta Isc) due to alterations in ionic transport, using Ussing chambers Results: 1) NaF induced a transient increase in Isc at concentrations exceeding 5 mM. 2) 2 mM NaF inhibited the antisecretory effect of 0.1 microM PYY and of its analog P915. 3) stimulation of secretion by forskolin and dbcAMP was halved in the presence of 2 mM NaF. 4) Inhibition of protein kinase C by 0.1 mM bisindolylmaleimide caused a sustained increase in Isc in the presence of 5 mM NaF.
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18407521 Sung HH, Chen PH, Liu CL: Initiation of signal transduction of the respiratory burst of prawn haemocytes triggered by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008 Jun;24(6):693-700. Epub 2007 Dec 3.

Previous studies have demonstrated that CpG oligonucleotides enhance the activation of the prophenoloxidase activating system of the prawn through either the G-protein/protein kinase C (PKC) or the cAMP pathway.
The results showed that the NBT reduction of haemocytes increased after treatment with sodium fluoride (a G-protein activator) and decreased after treatment with GDP-beta-S (a G-protein inhibitor).
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8954949 Cao YZ, Reddy PV, Sordillo LM, Hildenbrandt GR, Reddy CC: Evidence for G-protein-dependent and G-protein-independent activation of phospholipase D in lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Dec 13;229(2):630-4.


Previously we reported that tumor-promoting phorbol esters stimulate phospholipase D (PLD) independent of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in bovine lymph node lymphocytes. (Cao et al., Biochem.
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12646577 Tokuda H, Harada A, Hirade K, Matsuno H, Ito H, Kato K, Oiso Y, Kozawa O: Incadronate amplifies prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 23;278(21):18930-7. Epub 2003 Mar 19.


We have previously reported that prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) activates p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through protein kinase C (PKC) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells.
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10376804 Tokuda H, Kozawa O, Harada A, Uematsu T: p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is involved in prostaglandin F2alpha-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts. Cell Signal. 1999 May;11(5):325-30.


PD98059 suppressed the IL-6 synthesis induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, or NaF, an activator of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, as well as the p42/p44 MAP kinase activation by TPA or NaF.
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8799482 Park HJ, Park KM, Rhee MH, Song YB, Choi KJ, Lee JH, Kim SC, Park KH: Effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on rat liver phosphoproteins induced by carbon tetrachloride. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Jun;19(6):834-8.

When inhibitors of protein kinases were exogenously added to the homogenates from either the CCl4-administered group or the G-Rb1 plus CCl4-administered group, their phosphorylations were inhibited much more by W-7, an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM-PK), than by H-7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (C-kinase).
Interestingly, only 34kDa was phosphorylated in homogenates prepared from the corn oil-, G-Rb1-, and G-Rb1 plus CCl4-administered groups by the exogenous addition of sodium fluoride (NaF), an inhibitor of glycogen synthase.
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11968002 Hatakeyama D, Kozawa O, Otsuka T, Shibata T, Uematsu T: Zinc suppresses IL-6 synthesis by prostaglandin F2alpha in osteoblasts: inhibition of phospholipase C and phospholipase D. J Cell Biochem. 2002;85(3):621-8.


We previously reported that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) induces phosphoinositide hydrolysis by phospholipase C and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase D through heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, resulting in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and that PGF2alpha stimulates the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) via PKC-dependent p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation.
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9167640 Ren S, Cockell KA, Fenton JW 2nd, Angel A, Shen GX: G proteins and phospholipase C mediate thrombin-induced generation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from vascular smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Res. 1997 Mar-Apr;34(2):82-9.

The results of the present study suggest that pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins and a phospholipase C are involved in thrombin-induced generation of PAI-1 in BASMC, which may transmit signals from occupied thrombin receptor to protein kinase C and thereby increase the generation of PAI-1.
Sodium fluoride (1 mM) stimulated PAI-1 generation from BASMC.
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