Protein Information

Name bradykinin
Synonyms Alpha 2 thiol proteinase inhibitor; BDK; Bradykinin; KNG; KNG 1; KNG1; Kininogen; Kininogen 1 precursor…

Compound Information

Name acrylonitrile
CAS 2-propenenitrile

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
10027949 Renaux JL, Thomas M, Crost T, Loughraieb N, Vantard G: Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in hemodialysis: role of membrane electronegativity, blood dilution, and pH. Kidney Int. 1999 Mar;55(3):1097-103.


METHODS: Plasma kallikrein activity using chromogenic substrate (S2302) and plasma bradykinin concentration (enzyme immuno assay) were measured during the perfusion of human plasma (2.5 ml/min) through minidialyzers mounted with six different membranes [polyacrylonitrile (PAN) from Asahi (PANDX) and from Hospal (AN69), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) from Toray, cellulose triacetate (CT) from Baxter, cuprophane (CUP) from Akzo and polysulfone (PS) from Fresenius].
3(0,0,0,3) Details
10458510 Blais C Jr, Marc-Aurele J, Simmons WH, Loute G, Thibault P, Skidgel RA, Adam A: Des-Arg9-bradykinin metabolism in patients who presented hypersensitivity reactions during hemodialysis: role of serum ACE and aminopeptidase P. Peptides. 1999;20(4):421-30.

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18078988 Desormeaux A, Moreau ME, Lepage Y, Chanard J, Adam A: The effect of electronegativity and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the kinin-forming capacity of polyacrylonitrile dialysis membranes. Biomaterials. 2008 Mar;29(9):1139-46.


The combination of negatively-charged membranes and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) evokes hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) during hemodialysis and bradykinin (BK)-related peptides have been hypothesized as being responsible for these complications.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10879671 Kammerl MC, Schaefer RM, Schweda F, Schreiber M, Riegger GA, Kramer BK: Extracorporal therapy with AN69 membranes in combination with ACE inhibition causing severe anaphylactoid reactions: still a current problem?. Clin Nephrol. 2000 Jun;53(6):486-8.


Underlying reasons are mainly the induction of bradykinin release due to the negatively charged membrane and the reduced degradation of bradykinin due to ACE inhibition.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1762316 Parnes EL, Shapiro WB: Anaphylactoid reactions in hemodialysis patients treated with the AN69 dialyzer. Kidney Int. 1991 Dec;40(6):1148-52.


Possible causes for AR are discussed and include: (1.) blood-AN69 membrane interaction leading to the production of bradykinin and other vasodilators, the breakdown of which may be delayed by the presence of ACE inhibitors; (2.) hypersensitivity to ethylene oxide; (3.) passage of bacterial products from dialysate to blood; (4.) changes in membrane manufacturing specifications.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2266684 Tielemans C, Madhoun P, Lenaers M, Schandene L, Goldman M, Vanherweghem JL: Anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis on AN69 membranes in patients receiving ACE inhibitors. Kidney Int. 1990 Nov;38(5):982-4.


These anaphylactoid reactions could be due to bradykinin accumulation, as a result of both increased synthesis--by interaction of blood with the AN69 polymer--and catabolism blockade by ACE inhibitors.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7623993 Krieter DH, Fink E, Bonner G, You HM, Eisenhauer T: Anaphylactoid reactions during haemodialysis in sheep are associated with bradykinin release. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10(4):509-13.

8(0,0,0,8) Details
8141183 Schaefer RM, Fink E, Schaefer L, Barkhausen R, Kulzer P, Heidland A: Role of bradykinin in anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis with AN69 dialyzers. Am J Nephrol. 1993;13(6):473-7.

5(0,0,0,5) Details
8559490 Van der Niepen P, Sennesael JJ, Verbeelen DL: Kinin kinetics during different dialysis protocols with AN69 dialyser in ACEI-treated patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10(9):1689-95.


During dialysis, serum calcium, sodium, pH, albumin, and bradykinin were measured at the start and after 5 min at arterial, venous, and postinfusion side of the extracorporeal circuit.
4(0,0,0,4) Details