Protein Information

Name cytochrome c
Synonyms CYC; CYCS; Cytochrome C; HCS; Cytochrome Cs

Compound Information

Name carbon tetrachloride
CAS tetrachloromethane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19595748 Chan WH, Liao JW, Chou CP, Chan PK, Wei CF, Ueng TH: Induction of CYP1A1, 2B, 2E1 and 3A in rat liver by organochlorine pesticide dicofol. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Oct 28;190(2):150-5. Epub 2009 Jul 10.


Treatments with 10 and 25mg/kg dicofol produced dose-related increases of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b (5) contents and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase, aniline hydroxylase, and erythromycin N-demethylase activities in liver microsomes.
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19072832 Aram G, Potter JJ, Liu X, Wang L, Torbenson MS, Mezey E: Deficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form oxidase enhances hepatocellular injury but attenuates fibrosis after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. Hepatology. 2009 Mar;49(3):911-9.

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16393475 Lee SJ, Oh PS, Ko JH, Lim K, Lim KT: Protective effect of glycoprotein isolated from Ulmus davidiana Nakai on carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver injury. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;58(1):143-52.

We evaluated lipid peroxidation in glucose/glucose oxidase (G/GO)-induced BNL CL.2 cells and measured thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nitric oxide (NO), antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), activity of cytotoxic-related signals (hepatic cytochrome c, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)) and levels of plasma lipids (triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC)) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4,) 1.0 mL kg (-1))-induced A/J mouse.
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16640835 Lee TY, Chang HH, Wang GJ, Chiu JH, Yang YY, Lin HC: Water-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatic apoptosis in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006 May;58(5):659-65.

Hepatic cytosolic Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, and calpain-mu expressions were measured by Western blot analysis.
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16038630 Cai Y, Gong LK, Qi XM, Li XH, Ren J: Apoptosis initiated by carbon tetrachloride in mitochondria of rat primary cultured hepatocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2005 Aug;26(8):969-75.

The release of cytochrome c and Bcl-X (L) was detected by Western blot.
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17292878 Park EJ, Zhao YZ, Kim YC, Sohn DH: Bakuchiol-induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis occurs through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated mitochondrial translocation of Bax in rat liver myofibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar 22;559(2-3):115-23. Epub 2007 Jan 23.


Bakuchiol, a prenylated phenolic terpene isolated from the seed of Psoralea corylifolia L. (Leguminosae), reduced activated hepatic stellate cells when treated to rats during liver injury recovery period as demonstrated by alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining in rat liver and induced apoptosis in activated hepatic stellate cells/myofibroblasts as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-3, release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, translocation of Bax into mitochondria, and the proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in vitro.
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17541162 Chiu PY, Leung HY, Siu AH, Poon MK, Ko KM: Schisandrin B decreases the sensitivity of mitochondria to calcium ion-induced permeability transition and protects against carbon tetrachloride toxicity in mouse livers. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Jun;30(6):1108-12.

The enhanced sensitivity to mitochondrial PT was associated with increases in mitochondrial Ca2+ content as well as the extent of reactive oxidant species (ROS) production and cytochrome c release.
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19637241 Sakai T, Liu L, Teng X, Ishimaru N, Mukai-Sakai R, Tran NH, Kim SM, Sano N, Hayashi Y, Kaji R, Fukui K: Inflammatory disease and cancer with a decrease in Kupffer cell numbers in Nucling-knockout mice. Int J Cancer. 2010 Mar 1;126(5):1079-94.


The cytochrome c-triggered formation of apoptosomes represents a key-initiating event in apoptosis.
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18160022 Chiu PY, Leung HY, Siu AH, Chen N, Poon MK, Ko KM: Long-term treatment with a Yang-invigorating Chinese herbal formula produces generalized tissue protection against oxidative damage in rats. Rejuvenation Res. 2008 Feb;11(1):43-62.


This was evidenced by decreases in the sensitivity of mitochondria to Ca2+-induced permeability transition, and in the levels of mitochondrial malondialdehyde production, Ca2+ loading, and cytochrome c release in the tissues examined.
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15022168 Beissenhirtz MK, Kwan RC, Ko KM, Renneberg R, Scheller FW, Lisdat F: Comparing an in vitro electrochemical measurement of superoxide scavenging activity with an in vivo assessment of antioxidant potential in Chinese tonifying herbs. Phytother Res. 2004 Feb;18(2):149-53.

The in vitro superoxide scavenging activity (as determined by electrochemical measurement) and the in vivo antioxidant potential (as determined by a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)) hepatotoxicity) of methanolic extracts prepared from 10 Chinese tonifying herbs were compared.
Electrochemical measurement using a cytochrome c (Cyt. c) sensor showed that all of the tested herbal extracts exhibited a medium superoxide scavenging activity of different potency, as indicated by their IC (50) values.
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17432597 Shiriaeva AP, Baidiuk EV, Arkad'eva AV, Okovityi SV, Morozov VI, Sakuta GA: [Hepatocyte mitochondrion respiratory chain in rats with experimental toxic hepatitis]. Tsitologiia. 2007;49(2):125-32.


Alterations of SCCR, Coenzyme Q-cytochrome c-reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP-synthase activities have an adaptive nature to compensate for impaired NCCR function.
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17002669 Lee SJ, Oh PS, Lim KT: Hepatoprotective and hypolipidaemic effects of glycoprotein isolated from Gardenia jasminoides ellis in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 Oct;33(10):925-33.


In addition, in these mice GJE resulted in increased nitric oxide production and the activation of anti-oxidant enzymes, accompanied by the inhibition of the cytotoxic-related signals hepatic cytochrome c, nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1.
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17466404 Anselmi K, Stolz DB, Nalesnik M, Watkins SC, Kamath R, Gandhi CR: Gliotoxin causes apoptosis and necrosis of rat Kupffer cells in vitro and in vivo in the absence of oxidative stress: exacerbation by caspase and serine protease inhibition. J Hepatol. 2007 Jul;47(1):103-13. Epub 2007 Apr 5.


This effect was associated with mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation and ATP depletion.
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