Protein Information

Name alpha fetoprotein
Synonyms AFP; Alpha fetoprotein; Alpha 1 fetoprotein; Alpha fetoglobulin; Alpha fetoprotein precursor; FETA; HPAFP; Alpha fetoproteins…

Compound Information

Name carbon tetrachloride
CAS tetrachloromethane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
18788625 Xie YA, Kuang ZP, Liang AM, Luo XL, Yang F, Wu JN: [Dendritic cell vaccine modified by murine mAFP gene enhances immunoprotective effect on liver carcinogenesis and tumor development in mice]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2008 Apr;30(4):250-4.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a dendritic cell vaccine transduced by murine alpha-fetoprotein (mAFP) gene, and evaluate its immunoprotective effect on C57BL/6J mice during the induction of hepatocellular carcinoma by diethylnitrosamines, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol.
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15652464 Okumoto K, Saito T, Hattori E, Ito JI, Suzuki A, Misawa K, Sanjyo M, Takeda T, Sugahara K, Saito K, Togashi H, Kawata S: Expression of Notch signalling markers in bone marrow cells that differentiate into a liver cell lineage in a rat transplant model. Hepatol Res. 2005 Jan;31(1):7-12. Epub 2004 Dec 25.

For the in vivo experiment, BM cells were collected from transgenic rats expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) and transplanted into the spleens of recipient rats, in which liver damage had been induced with carbon tetrachloride.
The expression of the liver-specific proteins, alpha-fetoprotein and cytokeratin19 was also investigated.
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16965562 Kuhlmann WD, Peschke P: Hepatic progenitor cells, stem cells, and AFP expression in models of liver injury. Int J Exp Pathol. 2006 Oct;87(5):343-59.

Serological and immunohistological detection of alpha-fetoprotein gene expression served to follow pathways of cellular differentiation.
Stem cells were not required in models of surgical removal of parenchyma and in carbon tetrachloride intoxication of adult hepatocytes.
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17803529 Subramanian P, Mirunalini S, Dakshayani KB, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Cardinali DP: Prevention by melatonin of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats injected with N-nitrosodiethylamine. J Pineal Res. 2007 Oct;43(3):305-12.

To evaluate the chemopreventive function of melatonin in this experimental model, Wistar male rats received a single i.p. injection of NDEA or vehicle followed by weekly s.c. injections of carbon tetrachloride or vehicle for 6 weeks.
As markers for liver function, the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and the levels of alpha-fetoprotein were measured in serum.
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17828713 Reyes-Gordillo K, Muriel P, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Favari L: Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in rats intoxicated with CCL4, and in the regenerating liver. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Nov;28(8):415-22.


One day after CCl (4) administration, indicators of necrosis (alanine aminotransferase), cholestasis (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) and regeneration (alpha-fetoprotein) were significantly increased; these effects were reversed after 3 days.
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19422480 Jung KH, Shin HP, Lee S, Lim YJ, Hwang SH, Han H, Park HK, Chung JH, Yim SV: Effect of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a cirrhotic rat model. Liver Int. 2009 Jul;29(6):898-909. Epub 2009 Apr 17.

Hence, we investigated the effect of infusing of human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (HMSCs) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhosis in a rat model.
Interestingly, CM-DiI-labelled HMSCs expressed the hepatocyte-specific markers, human albumin and alpha-fetoprotein.
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16964416 Qian H, Wang J, Wang S, Gong Z, Chen M, Ren Z, Huang S: In utero transplantation of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells partially repairs injured liver in mice. Int J Mol Med. 2006 Oct;18(4):633-42.

The aim of this study is to establish a novel mouse model with high achievement and chimerism by in utero transplantation of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and to explore the possibility that human adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells and partially repair the liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4)).
The biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, albumin) in serum were determined and human hepatocyte-specific proteins, such as human albumin, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4, hepatocyte-specific antigen, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and alpha fetoprotein were analyzed by PCR, RT-PCR, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively.
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16810750 Tang XP, Zhang M, Yang X, Chen LM, Zeng Y: Differentiation of human umbilical cord blood stem cells into hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 7;12(25):4014-9.

Human alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin (ALB) were detected by immunohistochemistry.
In the animal experiments, the survival SD rats with acute hepatic injury after carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) injection 48 h were randomly divided into three groups.
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17661067 Chiu CC, Huang GT, Chou SH, Chien CT, Chiou LL, Chang MH, Lee HS, Chen DS: Characterization of cytokeratin 19-positive hepatocyte foci in the regenerating rat liver after 2-AAF/CCl4 injury. Histochem Cell Biol. 2007 Sep;128(3):217-26. Epub 2007 Jul 28.

Partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injury, following treatment of rats with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) to inhibit proliferation of hepatocytes, induces proliferation of oval cells and possibly their differentiation into nodular foci of hepatocytes when higher doses of 2-AAF are used.
These foci were positive for alpha-fetoprotein, less positive for carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1, and more positive for laminin in the basement membrane lining.
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17313811 Hu AB, He XS, Zheng QC, Cai JY: [Curative effects of transplantation of hepatocytes differentiated from embryonic stem cells on treatment of fulminant hepatic failure: experiment with mice]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Dec 12;86(46):3280-4.

RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), transthyretin (TTR), hepatic nuclear factor (HNF), albumin (ALB), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) at different time points.
Twenty-four hours later carbon tetrachloride was injected intra-peritoneally to induce FHF.
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15767785 Park JK, Feuerman MH: Afr2 regulation occurs cell-autonomously in vitro but is not conferred on episomal DNA in transient assays. DNA Cell Biol. 2005 Mar;24(3):189-98.


Oncofetal antigens such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are expressed in regenerating liver.
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16770575 Dudas J, Elmaouhoub A, Mansuroglu T, Batusic D, Tron K, Saile B, Papoutsi M, Pieler T, Wilting J, Ramadori G: Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1) is a stable hepatocyte marker during liver development, injury and regeneration, and is absent from "oval cells". Histochem Cell Biol. 2006 Nov;126(5):549-62. Epub 2006 Jun 13.


At embryonal stage of rat liver development (embryonal days (ED) 14-16) hepatoblasts were found to be Prox1 (+)/Cytokeratin (CK) 19 (+) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)(+), at this stage Prox1 (-)/CK19 (+)/AFP (-) small cells (early cholangiocytes?) were identified.
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20182823 Piryaei A, Valojerdi MR, Shahsavani M, Baharvand H: Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Hepatocyte-like Cells on Nanofibers and Their Transplantation into a Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis Model. Stem Cell Rev. 2010 Feb 25.

Urea production, secretion of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, and metabolic activity of the CYP450 enzymes were significantly increased within in vitro differentiated HLCs on nanofibers at day 36.
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19141029 Yan Y, Xu W, Qian H, Si Y, Zhu W, Cao H, Zhou H, Mao F: Mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cords ameliorate mouse hepatic injury in vivo. Liver Int. 2009 Mar;29(3):356-65. Epub 2008 Dec 29.

METHODS: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, characterized by flow cytometry, were transplanted into carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))-injured mice, and then followed for determination of localization and differentiation.
Under conditions favouring differentiation in vivo, the expression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, human alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin 18, fibroblast secretory protein 1 and alpha-smooth-muscle-actin was detectable after hUCMSCs administration to mice subjected to liver injury.
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16469408 Oyagi S, Hirose M, Kojima M, Okuyama M, Kawase M, Nakamura T, Ohgushi H, Yagi K: Therapeutic effect of transplanting HGF-treated bone marrow mesenchymal cells into CCl4-injured rats. J Hepatol. 2006 Apr;44(4):742-8. Epub 2005 Dec 9.


RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis detected alpha-fetoprotein and albumin mRNAs in BMMCs cultured with HGF for 2 weeks.
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17668883 Morford LA, Davis C, Jin L, Dobierzewska A, Peterson ML, Spear BT: The oncofetal gene glypican 3 is regulated in the postnatal liver by zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 and in the regenerating liver by alpha-fetoprotein regulator 2. Hepatology. 2007 Nov;46(5):1541-7.

On the basis of the similarities between Gpc3 and alpha-fetoprotein expression in the liver, we reasoned that common factors might regulate these 2 genes.
We also demonstrate that Gpc3 is activated in the regenerating liver following a carbon tetrachloride treatment and that the level of Gpc3 induction is controlled by alpha-fetoprotein regulator 2 (Afr2).
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20184502 Ren H, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Lu S, Chen Z, Meng L, Zhu X, Yang S, Xing W, Xiao Y, Ren Q, Chi Y, Gu D, Yang R, Han ZC: No contribution of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells to capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids accompanied by hepatic differentiation in carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver fibrosis. Cytotherapy. 2010 Feb 26.

Human-specific alpha-fetoprotein and albumin mRNA and proteins were detected in CCl (4)-treated mouse livers receiving human UC MSC transplants.
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19702266 Hsu JD, Kao SH, Tu CC, Li YJ, Wang CJ: Solanum nigrum L. extract inhibits 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis through overexpression of glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzymes. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Sep 23;57(18):8628-34.

Our previous study has found that SN water extract (SNWE) alleviated carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats.
The serum biomarkers for hepatic injury, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase, and for hepatocarcinogenesis, alpha-fetoprotein, were determined.
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19399744 Tsai PC, Fu TW, Chen YM, Ko TL, Chen TH, Shih YH, Hung SC, Fu YS: The therapeutic potential of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly in the treatment of rat liver fibrosis. Liver Transpl. 2009 May;15(5):484-95.


We investigated the effect of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) from Wharton's jelly on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats.
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