Protein Information

Name glutathione S transferase T1
Synonyms GST class theta; GST class theta 1; GSTT 1; GSTT1; GSTT1 protein; Glutathione S transferase theta 1; Glutathione transferase T1 1; glutathione S transferase T1…

Compound Information

Name methylene chloride
CAS dichloromethane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8761485 Mainwaring GW, Williams SM, Foster JR, Tugwood J, Green T: The distribution of theta-class glutathione S-transferases in the liver and lung of mouse, rat and human. Biochem J. 1996 Aug 15;318 ( Pt 1):297-303.

The relative activities between species, and the cellular and sub-cellular distribution within the liver and lungs of each species, provides an explanation for the species-specificity of methylene chloride, a mouse-specific carcinogen activated by glutathione S-transferase GSTT1-1.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
9794803 Sherratt PJ, Manson MM, Thomson AM, Hissink EA, Neal GE, van Bladeren PJ, Green T, Hayes JD: Increased bioactivation of dihaloalkanes in rat liver due to induction of class theta glutathione S-transferase T1-1. Biochem J. 1998 Nov 1;335 ( Pt 3):619-30.

10(0,0,0,10) Details
9792420 Quondamatteo F, Schulz TG, Bunzel N, Hallier E, Herken R: Immunohistochemical localization of glutathione S-transferase-T1 in murine kidney, liver, and lung. Histochem Cell Biol. 1998 Oct;110(4):417-23.

7(0,0,0,7) Details
9851677 Thier R, Wiebel FA, Hinkel A, Burger A, Bruning T, Morgenroth K, Senge T, Wilhelm M, Schulz TG: Species differences in the glutathione transferase GSTT1-1 activity towards the model substrates methyl chloride and dichloromethane in liver and kidney. Arch Toxicol. 1998 Oct;72(10):622-9.

6(0,0,0,6) Details
9435885 DeMarini DM, Shelton ML, Warren SH, Ross TM, Shim JY, Richard AM, Pegram RA: Glutathione S-transferase-mediated induction of GC--> AT transitions by halomethanes in Salmonella. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1997;30(4):440-7.


Recent studies have demonstrated that the mutagenicity of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and bromodichloromethane (BrCHCl2) can be mediated by a theta-class glutathione S-transferase (GSTT1-1).
5(0,0,0,5) Details
10438655 El-Masri HA, Bell DA, Portier CJ: Effects of glutathione transferase theta polymorphism on the risk estimates of dichloromethane to humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Aug 1;158(3):221-30.


The carcinogenic potential of dichloromethane (DCM) has been linked to its metabolism to formaldehyde by glutathione-S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1).
4(0,0,0,4) Details
17827337 Fujimoto K, Arakawa S, Watanabe T, Yasumo H, Ando Y, Takasaki W, Manabe S, Yamoto T, Oda S: Generation and functional characterization of mice with a disrupted glutathione S-transferase, theta 1 gene. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Dec;35(12):2196-202. Epub 2007 Sep 7.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
11446825 Jonsson F, Johanson G: A Bayesian analysis of the influence of GSTT1 polymorphism on the cancer risk estimate for dichloromethane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Jul 15;174(2):99-112.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
9242590 Casanova M, Bell DA, Heck HD: Dichloromethane metabolism to formaldehyde and reaction of formaldehyde with nucleic acids in hepatocytes of rodents and humans with and without glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 genes. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997 Jun;37(2):168-80.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
9307035 Sherratt PJ, Pulford DJ, Harrison DJ, Green T, Hayes JD: Evidence that human class Theta glutathione S-transferase T1-1 can catalyse the activation of dichloromethane, a liver and lung carcinogen in the mouse. Biochem J. 1997 Sep 15;326 ( Pt 3):837-46.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
10350186 Gisi D, Leisinger T, Vuilleumier S: Enzyme-mediated dichloromethane toxicity and mutagenicity of bacterial and mammalian dichloromethane-active glutathione S-transferases. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):71-9.


Moreover, the presence of DCM inhibited growth with methanol of the DM4-2cr transconjugant expressing the rat liver GSTT1-1.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16765633 Hu Y, Kabler SL, Tennant AH, Townsend AJ, Kligerman AD: Induction of DNA-protein crosslinks by dichloromethane in a V79 cell line transfected with the murine glutathione-S-transferase theta 1 gene. Mutat Res. 2006 Sep 5;607(2):231-9. Epub 2006 Jun 12.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
10876998 Schulz TG, Wiebel FA, Thier R, Neubert D, Davies DS, Edwards RJ: Identification of theta-class glutathione S-transferase in liver cytosol of the marmoset monkey. Arch Toxicol. 2000 May;74(3):133-8.


The interaction of immunoreactive marmoset GST was similar to that found previously for rat and human GSTT1, suggesting that this protein is also a theta class GST.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11453994 Gisi D, Maillard J, Flanagan JU, Rossjohn J, Chelvanayagam G, Board PG, Parker MW, Leisinger T, Vuilleumier S: Dichloromethane mediated in vivo selection and functional characterization of rat glutathione S-transferase theta 1-1 variants. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Jul;268(14):4001-10.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
11884241 Sherratt PJ, Williams S, Foster J, Kernohan N, Green T, Hayes JD: Direct comparison of the nature of mouse and human GST T1-1 and the implications on dichloromethane carcinogenicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Mar 1;179(2):89-97.


The carcinogenic effects of DCM in the mouse are caused by the interaction with DNA of a glutathione (GSH) conjugate that is produced by the class theta glutathione S-transferase T1-1 (GST T1-1).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16971395 Montero R, Serrano L, Araujo A, Davila V, Ponce J, Camacho R, Morales E, Mendez A: Increased cytogenetic damage in a zone in transition from agricultural to industrial use: Comprehensive analysis of the micronucleus test in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutagenesis. 2006 Sep;21(5):335-42. Epub 2006 Sep 13.

A complex situation of chemical exposure has been described in Mexico in a zone that is in transition from rural activities towards intensive industrialization, which has brought environmental pollution: chloroform, methylene chloride, indigo and toluene are some of the pollutants found in the Atoyac and Xochiac rivers.
Two metabolic polymorphisms were determined, namely, glutathione transferase mu1 (GSTM1) and theta1 (GSTT1), which are relevant when oxidative responses are involved.
1(0,0,0,1) Details