Protein Information

Name Acetylcholinesterase
Synonyms ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant…

Compound Information

Name bendiocarb
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17973989 Casimiro SL, Hemingway J, Sharp BL, Coleman M: Monitoring the operational impact of insecticide usage for malaria control on Anopheles funestus from Mozambique. Malar J. 2007 Oct 31;6:142.

This is probably due to significantly elevated levels of Acetylcholinesterase levels found in the same populations.
However, resistance appeared quickly to this insecticide and, in 2000, the pyrethroid was phased out and the carbamate bendiocarb introduced.
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16619610 Casimiro S, Coleman M, Mohloai P, Hemingway J, Sharp B: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mozambique. J Med Entomol. 2006 Mar;43(2):267-75.

Low levels of insecticide-insensitive acetylcholinesterase, the target site for carbamates and organophosphates, were found in all populations tested.
An. funestus from six localities also were resistant to carbamate insecticides propoxur and bendiocarb.
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19303125 Ramphul U, Boase T, Bass C, Okedi LM, Donnelly MJ, Muller P: Insecticide resistance and its association with target-site mutations in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae from eastern Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Nov;103(11):1121-6. Epub 2009 Mar 19.

Anopheles gambiae s.l. adults were raised from wild-caught larvae sampled from two ecologically distinct breeding sites and exposed to WHO discriminating concentrations of DDT, permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb and malathion.
Using molecular diagnostics, susceptible and resistant specimens were further tested for the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase 1 resistance (ace-1 (R)) alleles.
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9322308 Lee HL, Tien WD, Omar B: Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Malaysian Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1997 Mar;28(1):212-7.

The insecticide resistance status of 4 strains of adult male Blattella germanica, viz M (Malacca), E (England), F (restaurant) and K (cafeteria) against malathion and bendiocarb compared with a reference susceptible strain (S) was determined by using a modified WHO bioassay method.
The biochemical microplate enzyme assays technique employed indicated that the resistance in M and E strains were attributed to acetylcholinesterase insensitivity.
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16619611 Casimiro S, Coleman M, Hemingway J, Sharp B: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae from Mozambique. J Med Entomol. 2006 Mar;43(2):276-82.

Increased frequencies of insecticide insensitive acetylcholinesterase, the target site for carbamates and organophosphates, were found in 16 of the populations tested.
Although vector control with bendiocarb is not being compromised by the presence of the acetylcholinesterase mechanism alone, the high level of insensitive acetylcholinesterase unless sensibly managed may have long-term implications for malaria control programs in Mozambique.
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19378923 Sobekova A, Holovska K, Lenartova V, Flesarova S, Javorsky P: The another toxic effect of carbamate insecticides. Acta Biol Hung. 2009 Mar;60(1):45-54.


The activities of the antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined in the liver and kidney of rabbits after exposure to bendiocarb.
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14644616 Smulders CJ, Bueters TJ, Van Kleef RG, Vijverberg HP: Selective effects of carbamate pesticides on rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and rat brain acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003 Dec 1;193(2):139-46.

Conversely, the potency order of these carbamates to inhibit rat brain acetylcholinesterase is bendiocarb > propoxur, aldicarb > carbaryl > EPTC, fenoxycarb with IC50 values ranging from 1 microM for bendiocarb to 17 microM for carbaryl and > mM for EPTC and fenoxycarb.
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1909249 Rogers KR, Cao CJ, Valdes JJ, Eldefrawi AT, Eldefrawi ME: Acetylcholinesterase fiber-optic biosensor for detection of anticholinesterases. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1991 May;16(4):810-20.

The biosensor detected concentrations of the carbamate insecticides bendiocarb and methomyl and the OPs echothiophate and paraoxon in the nanomolar to micromolar range.
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17710279 Dzul FA, Patricia Penilla R, Rodriguez AD: [Susceptibility and insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles albimanus from the southern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex. 2007 Jul-Aug;49(4):302-11.

Blanco municipality in Quintana Roo and the Calakmul municipality in Campeche, were exposed to deltamethrin, DDT, pirimiphos-methyl and bendiocarb in susceptibility tests, as well as to biochemical assays in order to calculate the enzyme levels related to insecticide resistance.
The frequency of An. albimanus with altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was high in La Union (33%).
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19788278 Hossain SM, Luckham RE, McFadden MJ, Brennan JD: Reagentless bidirectional lateral flow bioactive paper sensors for detection of pesticides in beverage and food samples. Anal Chem. 2009 Nov 1;81(21):9055-64.

A reagentless bioactive paper-based solid-phase biosensor was developed for detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, including organophosphate pesticides.
The modified sensor is able to detect pesticides without the use of any external reagents with excellent detection limits (bendiocarb approximately 1 nM; carbaryl approximately 10 nM; paraoxon approximately 1 nM; malathion approximately 10 nM) and rapid response times (approximately 5 min).
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19038063 Munhenga G, Masendu HT, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Koekemoer LK: Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis from Gwave, a malaria-endemic area in Zimbabwe. Malar J. 2008 Nov 28;7:247.

METHODS: Standard WHO bioassays, using 0.75% permethrin, 4% DDT, 5% malathion, 0.1% bendiocarb and 4% dieldrin were performed on wild-collected adult anopheline mosquitoes and F1 progeny of An. arabiensis reared from wild-caught females.
Biochemical assays were used to determine the relative levels of detoxifying enzyme systems including non-specific esterases, monooxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases as well as to detect the presence of an altered acetylcholine esterase (AChE).
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19941598 Vezenegho SB, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL: Malaria vector composition and insecticide susceptibility status in Guinea Conakry, West Africa. Med Vet Entomol. 2009 Dec;23(4):326-34.

Biochemical enzyme analysis showed that an altered acetylcholinesterase is operating in the field at low levels.
Siguiri populations showed high levels of resistance to DDT, dieldrin and bendiocarb.
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