Protein Information

Name ubiquitin
Synonyms HMG20; RPS27A; UBA80; UBCEP 1; UBCEP1; UBA52; UBCEP 2; UBCEP2…

Compound Information

Name jasmonic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12682009 Dharmasiri S, Dharmasiri N, Hellmann H, Estelle M: The RUB/Nedd8 conjugation pathway is required for early development in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 2003 Apr 15;22(8):1762-70.


The related-to-ubiquitin (RUB) protein is post-translationally conjugated to the cullin subunit of the SCF (SKP1, Cullin, F-box) class of ubiquitin protein ligases.
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15860010 Ren C, Pan J, Peng W, Genschik P, Hobbie L, Hellmann H, Estelle M, Gao B, Peng J, Sun C, Xie D: Point mutations in Arabidopsis Cullin1 reveal its essential role in jasmonate response. Plant J. 2005 May;42(4):514-24.


The SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligases (SCF) target many important regulatory proteins for degradation and play vital roles in diverse cellular processes.
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18458331 Katsir L, Schilmiller AL, Staswick PE, He SY, Howe GA: COI1 is a critical component of a receptor for jasmonate and the bacterial virulence factor coronatine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 13;105(19):7100-5. Epub 2008 May 5.


An amino acid-conjugated form of JA, jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), stimulates binding of the F-box protein coronatine-insensitive 1 (COI1) to, and subsequent ubiquitin-dependent degradation of, jasmonate ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins that repress transcription of JA-responsive genes.
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17163880 Lee J, Nam J, Park HC, Na G, Miura K, Jin JB, Yoo CY, Baek D, Kim DH, Jeong JC, Kim D, Lee SY, Salt DE, Mengiste T, Gong Q, Ma S, Bohnert HJ, Kwak SS, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM, Yun DJ: Salicylic acid-mediated innate immunity in Arabidopsis is regulated by SIZ1 SUMO E3 ligase. Plant J. 2007 Jan;49(1):79-90. Epub 2006 Dec 6.

Jasmonic acid (JA)-induced PDF1.2 expression and susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea were unaltered in siz1 plants.
Reversible modifications of target proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are involved in many cellular processes in yeast and animals.
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18653378 Chico JM, Chini A, Fonseca S, Solano R: JAZ repressors set the rhythm in jasmonate signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2008 Oct;11(5):486-94. Epub 2008 Jul 22.


JAZ proteins repress of JA signaling and are targeted by the E3-ubiquitin ligase SCF (COI1) for proteasome degradation in response to JA.
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19151223 Chung HS, Howe GA: A critical role for the TIFY motif in repression of jasmonate signaling by a stabilized splice variant of the JASMONATE ZIM-domain protein JAZ10 in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009 Jan;21(1):131-45. Epub 2009 Jan 16.


Perception of bioactive JAs by the F-box protein CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) causes degradation of JAZs via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which in turn activates the expression of genes involved in plant growth, development, and defense.
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19473329 Koo AJ, Gao X, Jones AD, Howe GA: A rapid wound signal activates the systemic synthesis of bioactive jasmonates in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009 Sep;59(6):974-86. Epub 2009 May 18.

Jasmonic acid (JA) and its biologically active derivatives (bioactive JAs) perform a critical role in regulating plant responses to wound stress.
The perception of bioactive JAs by the F-box protein COI1 triggers the SCF (COI1)/ubiquitin-dependent degradation of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins that repress the expression of JA-response genes.
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16376956 Sharma VK, Monostori T, Gobel C, Hansch R, Bittner F, Wasternack C, Feussner I, Mendel RR, Hause B, Schulze J: Transgenic barley plants overexpressing a 13-lipoxygenase to modify oxylipin signature. Phytochemistry. 2006 Feb;67(3):264-76. Epub 2005 Dec 27.

Three chimeric gene constructs were designed comprising the full length cDNA of a lipoxygenase (LOX) from barley (LOX2:Hv:1) including its chloroplast targeting sequence (cTP) under control of either (1) CaMV35S- or (2) polyubiquitin-1-promoter, whereas the third plasmid contains 35S promoter and the cDNA without cTP.
The corresponding protein (LOX-100) in transgenic T0 and T1 plants accumulated constitutively to similar levels as in the jasmonic acid methyl ester (JAME)-treated wild type plants.
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18583180 Katsir L, Chung HS, Koo AJ, Howe GA: Jasmonate signaling: a conserved mechanism of hormone sensing. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2008 Aug;11(4):428-35. Epub 2008 Jun 24.


Among the central components of the JA signaling cascade are the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFCOI1 and Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins that repress transcription of JA-responsive genes.
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18261950 Staswick PE: JAZing up jasmonate signaling. Trends Plant Sci. 2008 Feb;13(2):66-71. Epub 2008 Feb 7.

Jasmonate promotes interaction between JAZ proteins and the SCF (COI1) ubiquitin ligase, leading to JAZ degradation via the 26S proteasome in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Although jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate were thought to be key regulators of jasmonate responses, they were ineffective in promoting SCF (COI1)-JAZ interaction and it is the isoleucine conjugate of jasmonic acid that acts in this signal transduction pathway.
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16478936 Liechti R, Gfeller A, Farmer EE: Jasmonate signaling pathway. Sci STKE. 2006 Feb 14;2006(322):cm2.

As progress in characterizing several new mutants (some of which are hypersensitive to jasmonic acid) augments our understanding of jasmonate signaling, the Connections Map will be updated to include this new information.
This machine functions in vivo as a ubiquitin ligase complex, probably targeting regulatory proteins, some of which are expected to be transcriptional repressors.
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16039901 Lorenzo O, Solano R: Molecular players regulating the jasmonate signalling network. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Oct;8(5):532-40.


Genes that are involved in the regulation of protein stability through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (COI1, AXR1 and SGT1b), signalling proteins (MPK4) and transcription factors (AtMYC2, ERF1, NPR1 and WRKY70) form a regulatory network that allows the plant to fine-tune specific responses to different stimuli.
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20348432 Millet YA, Danna CH, Clay NK, Songnuan W, Simon MD, Werck-Reichhart D, Ausubel FM: Innate Immune Responses Activated in Arabidopsis Roots by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns. Plant Cell. 2010 Mar 26.


Ethylene signaling, the 4-methoxy-indole-3-ylmethylglucosinolate biosynthetic pathway, and the PEN2 myrosinase, but not salicylic acid or jasmonic acid signaling, play major roles in this MAMP response.
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19140948 Clarke SM, Cristescu SM, Miersch O, Harren FJ, Wasternack C, Mur LA: Jasmonates act with salicylic acid to confer basal thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol. 2009;182(1):175-87. Epub 2009 Jan 8.

* The cpr5-1 Arabidopsis thaliana mutant exhibits constitutive activation of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signalling pathways and displays enhanced tolerance of heat stress (HS). * cpr5-1 crossed with jar1-1 (a JA-amino acid synthetase) was compromised in basal thermotolerance, as were the mutants opr3 (mutated in OPDA reductase3) and coi1-1 (affected in an E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box; a key JA-signalling component).
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16200408 Schlogelhofer P, Garzon M, Kerzendorfer C, Nizhynska V, Bachmair A: Expression of the ubiquitin variant ubR48 decreases proteolytic activity in Arabidopsis and induces cell death. Planta. 2006 Mar;223(4):684-97. Epub 2005 Oct 1.

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15879707 Takizawa M, Goto A, Watanabe Y: The tobacco ubiquitin-activating enzymes NtE1A and NtE1B are induced by tobacco mosaic virus, wounding and stress hormones. Mol Cells. 2005 Apr 30;19(2):228-31.

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17249424 Hondo D, Hase S, Kanayama Y, Yoshikawa N, Takenaka S, Takahashi H: The LeATL6-associated ubiquitin/proteasome system may contribute to fungal elicitor-activated defense response via the jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathway in tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Jan;20(1):72-81.
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19825556 Llorente F, Muskett P, Sanchez-Vallet A, Lopez G, Ramos B, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Jorda L, Parker J, Molina A: Repression of the auxin response pathway increases Arabidopsis susceptibility to necrotrophic fungi. Mol Plant. 2008 May;1(3):496-509.

In plants, resistance to necrotrophic pathogens depends on the interplay between different hormone systems, such as those regulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and abscisic acid.
Also, stabilization of the auxin transcriptional repressor AXR3 that is normally targeted for removal by the SCF-ubiquitin/proteasome machinery occurs upon P. cucumerina infection.
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17158585 Moon J, Zhao Y, Dai X, Zhang W, Gray WM, Huq E, Estelle M: A new CULLIN 1 mutant has altered responses to hormones and light in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):684-96. Epub 2006 Dec 8.


Ubiquitin ligases recognize and ubiquitinate target proteins for subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome.
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12172031 Xu L, Liu F, Lechner E, Genschik P, Crosby WL, Ma H, Peng W, Huang D, Xie D: The SCF (COI1) ubiquitin-ligase complexes are required for jasmonate response in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002 Aug;14(8):1919-35.

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17851112 Stone SL, Callis J: Ubiquitin ligases mediate growth and development by promoting protein death. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Dec;10(6):624-32. Epub 2007 Sep 11.

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12445118 Devoto A, Nieto-Rostro M, Xie D, Ellis C, Harmston R, Patrick E, Davis J, Sherratt L, Coleman M, Turner JG: COI1 links jasmonate signalling and fertility to the SCF ubiquitin-ligase complex in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2002 Nov;32(4):457-66.

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11117256 del Pozo JC, Estelle M: F-box proteins and protein degradation: an emerging theme in cellular regulation. Plant Mol Biol. 2000 Sep;44(2):123-8.

In plants, the SCF has so far been implicated in floral development, circadian clock, and response to the plant growth regulators auxin and jasmonic acid.
Selective protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway has recently emerged as a powerful regulatory mechanism in a wide variety of cellular processes.
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12782725 Gray WM, Muskett PR, Chuang HW, Parker JE: Arabidopsis SGT1b is required for SCF (TIR1)-mediated auxin response. Plant Cell. 2003 Jun;15(6):1310-9.


This complex functions as a ubiquitin protein ligase that targets members of the auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) family of transcriptional regulators for ubiquitin-mediated degradation in response to auxin.
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17637677 Thines B, Katsir L, Melotto M, Niu Y, Mandaokar A, Liu G, Nomura K, He SY, Howe GA, Browse J: JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCF (COI1) complex during jasmonate signalling. Nature. 2007 Aug 9;448(7154):661-5. Epub 2007 Jul 18.


Jasmonate treatment causes JAZ1 degradation and this degradation is dependent on activities of the SCF (COI1) ubiquitin ligase and the 26S proteasome.
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12368504 Schwechheimer C, Serino G, Deng XW: Multiple ubiquitin ligase-mediated processes require COP9 signalosome and AXR1 function. Plant Cell. 2002 Oct;14(10):2553-63.

We observed that AtRBX1 transgenic plants share multiple phenotypes with CSN reduced-function plants, such as morphological defects and reduced responses to auxin, jasmonic acid, and cold stress, suggesting that CSN is required for multiple AtRBX1-mediated processes.
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19796781 Memelink J: Regulation of gene expression by jasmonate hormones. Phytochemistry. 2009 Sep;70(13-14):1560-70. Epub 2009 Sep 30.


The bioactive jasmonate (+)-7-iso-JA-l-Ile promotes the interaction between the ubiquitin ligase complex SCF (COI1) and JAZ proteins, resulting in their degradation by the 26S proteasome, thereby liberating AtMYC2 from repression according to the prevailing model.
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18223147 Chung HS, Koo AJ, Gao X, Jayanty S, Thines B, Jones AD, Howe GA: Regulation and function of Arabidopsis JASMONATE ZIM-domain genes in response to wounding and herbivory. Plant Physiol. 2008 Mar;146(3):952-64. Epub 2008 Jan 25.


Recent studies indicate that JA-Ile promotes the degradation of JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) transcriptional repressors through the activity of the E (3) ubiquitin-ligase SCF (COI1).
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15125769 Larsen PB, Cancel JD: A recessive mutation in the RUB1-conjugating enzyme, RCE1, reveals a requirement for RUB modification for control of ethylene biosynthesis and proper induction of basic chitinase and PDF1.2 in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2004 May;38(4):626-38.

Molecular characterization of leaves of the mutant revealed severely impaired induction of basic chitinase (chiB) and plant defensin (PDF) 1.2 following treatment with jasmonic acid and/or ethylene.
Positional cloning of the mutation resulted in identification of a 49-bp deletion in RCE1 (related to ubiquitin 1 (RUB1)-conjugating enzyme), which has been demonstrated to be responsible for covalent attachment of RUB1 to the SCF (Skpl Cdc 53 F-box) ubiquitin ligase complex to modify its activity.
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19695649 Koo AJ, Howe GA: The wound hormone jasmonate. Phytochemistry. 2009 Sep;70(13-14):1571-80. Epub 2009 Aug 18.


In both pathways, bioactive JAs are recognized by an F-box protein-based receptor system that couples hormone binding to ubiquitin-dependent degradation of transcriptional repressor proteins.
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16435264 Beckers GJ, Spoel SH: Fine-Tuning Plant Defence Signalling: Salicylate versus Jasmonate. Plant Biol. 2006 Jan;8(1):1-10.

The signalling molecules salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play important roles in this network.
JA activates the regulatory protein COI1 that is part of the E3 ubiquitin ligase-containing complex SCFCOI1, which is thought to derepress JA-responsive genes involved in plant defence.
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20025249 Wasternack C, Kombrink E: Jasmonates: structural requirements for lipid-derived signals active in plant stress responses and development. ACS Chem Biol. 2010 Jan 15;5(1):63-77.

Enzymes participating in biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) (1, 2) and components of JA signaling have been extensively characterized by biochemical and molecular-genetic tools.
The emerging picture of JA perception and signaling cascade implies the SCF (COI1) complex operating as E3 ubiquitin ligase that upon binding of JA-Ile targets JAZ repressors for degradation by the 26S-proteasome pathway, thereby allowing the transcription factor MYC2 to activate gene expression.
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15567853 Gfeller A, Farmer EE: Keeping the leaves green above us. Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1515-6.

Some, like jasmonic acid, exist in unmodified forms, whereas others are conjugated to other lipids or to hydrophobic amino acids.
Why do so many chemically different forms of these mediators exist, and do individual jasmonates have unique signaling properties or are they made to facilitate transport within and between cells? Key features of the jasmonate signal pathway have been identified and include the specific activation of E3-type ubiquitin ligases thought to target as-yet-undescribed transcriptional repressors for modification or destruction.
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12724535 Feng S, Ma L, Wang X, Xie D, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Wei N, Deng XW: The COP9 signalosome interacts physically with SCF COI1 and modulates jasmonate responses. Plant Cell. 2003 May;15(5):1083-94.


CSN plays roles in photomorphogenesis, auxin response, and floral organ formation, possibly via the regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated protein degradation.
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